Formal Assignment #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Formal Assignment #4 - Essay Example These changes relate to US demographics, including age, gender and ethnic composition. The changes in the labor market can affect both the native and immigrant populations. This paper discusses changes in the US labor market over the past few decades. The paper assumes that the same changes were in New York since it is part of US. One of the most important changes in New York and U.S. labor market is the increased labor force participation of women (Ricardo, Kristie and Michael 50). The past several decades recorded a steady increase in the number of women participating in the labor market. Since 1999, the labor-force participation rate of these women remained steady. Another important demographic change that is affecting the labor force is the evolution of the population’s age distribution. Over the past several years, age is playing an important role in determining labor force participation in New York as well the U.S. most of the working population belongs to the baby-boom generation (Ricardo, Kristie and Michael 53). These are people born between 1946 and 1964. However, this may have negative effects on the overall labor force participation rate since most of these people are growing older. The effect of age on the national economy may result from a reduction in the labor-force participation rate c aused by aging of the baby-boom generation. Racial and ethnic diversity of the U.S. population is another important demographic change that affects labor force participation. Ethnic diversity may be because of social, economic, or political factors. However, it is clear that this diversity affects the labor market in one way or another. Over the past two decades, there is a significant difference in labor force participation among different races. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of immigrant populations in the US labor market increased. The number of immigrant population employed was also very high. The number grew by about 50 percent during that

Organic Livestock Marketing Cooperative Assignment

Organic Livestock Marketing Cooperative - Assignment Example OLYMCO is driven by the mission to become the largest marketer of organic beef and lamb in the UK. The key to achieving this mission lies in the desire to provide the customer with value in terms of the quality of the product coupled with highly competitive prices and to ensure complete transparency in their operations. "We exist to attract and retain customers". Statistics of the market and competition have been collected. A detailed survey of customer preferences and loyalty drivers was also carried out (Section 9.6). This information will help enhance growth and sustain profitability and growth. Red meat is a primary food market in which sales have recorded marginal growth (DEFRA, 2006); values have risen, as consumers have been willing to trade up to more convenient cuts (Cooper, 2006). "The Organic Market Report 2006 reveals the biggest increase in sales to be in organic meat and poultry. In 2005, the farm gate value of organic meat and poultry was an estimated 129m, a 59% increase on 2004" (Watts, 2006). The demand is projected to grow in the near future especially as healthier and more reasonably priced product becomes available, the fear of the 'mad-cow' disease abates and with threats of avian flu reducing sales of poultry (Poultry World, 2006).This is despite predictions to the contrary a couple of years earlier (see Buss, 2004). Although British retailers are under pressure to source more organic foods indigenously, it is found that imported organic meats comprise almost 20% of total sales volume (Research and Markets).The balance between supply and demand remains t ight (Davies, 2006). Apart from the retail trade, there is high demand for organic meats from food processors and the catering sector. There is also rising demand from restaurants, schools, hospitals and government organisations (Research and Markets). 4.1 Market Demographics The profile of OLYMCO's customer consists of the following geographic, demographic, and behaviour factors. Geographic: The immediate target is the populace residing within the UK - a population of nearly 61 million. Of this, roughly 25 percent are vegans and others who do not eat one or the other type of meat. The boundaries of the country define the geographical area to be covered. Demographic: All people over 20 years old, representing over 70 percent of the total population. Customers belonging to the A and AB categories, i.e. having an annual household income above 25,000. Behavioural Factors: From the results of the consumer survey conducted, the customers are: Willing to pay a premium for higher quality, tastier meats, Tend to patronize higher-quality restaurants, and are Cognizant about their health 4.2 Customer

Dc V. Heller Essay Example for Free

Dc V. Heller Essay Winter Honors Civics amp; Economics B-1 Case name: DC V. Heller A controversial topic came about in the year of 2008. It was concerning whether or not DC’s gun law was following along the lines of the Second Amendment Rights. A man by the name of Dick Anthony Heller was a special police officer and had gone in to register for a handgun for his home. The true underlying issue was whether or not the rights were protected under the Second Amendments which states: The right to bear arms. The uprising stipulation in the District of Columbia is that they have a state law that concerns the registration of a handgun. When looking into further depth of the law the following things must be adhered to in the stipulations of having a hand gun. It states that in order to have a registered handgun it must be â€Å"†¦unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger unless they are being used for lawful recreational activities or located in a place of business. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA v. HELLER. n. pag. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 24 Jan 2013. ) When the case was first taken up before it came to the Supreme Court, in the lower court system the verdict was dismissed until it was later reversed. The two court systems that herd the case before the Supreme Court were the Courts of Appeals and the district court. The arraignments for the plaintiff were; Dick Anthony Heller was dismissed for another four years until it was taken up again. In the arraignments for the Defendants â€Å"†¦DC found that the challenge to the constitution and its validity was without merit †¦Ã¢â‚¬  It seems as if they were trying to throw salt on the technicality of what the Constitution says in Amendment two and the right to bear arms. In the end what the plaintiff really wanted were his rights to be acknowledged, being that it’s in the constitution and he was a police officer at the time. As well as he wants to be able to have a gun in his house for protection as most people would want. In the lower court systems had voted against what the plaintiff had brought forth as evidence. When it was finally hear in the Supreme Court the case was ruled in favor of the plaintiff. Justice Stevens wrote majority of the decision by stating that the Second Amendment is given to everyone that is a citizen of the United States and that right can’t be taken away to a certain extent. There were concurrent opinions that were made by Justice Stevens who said if things are within our rights then we should be able to obtain them and use them to the fullest extent of our abilities. District of Columbia v. Heller a? â€Å" Case Brief Summary. Lawnix Free Case Briefs RSS. N. p. , Fall 2008. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. ) The dissenting arguments of opinion came from Stephen Breyer, who stated that the second amendment is only for militia related ordeals and not a matter of being used as self defense. Heller at the time was a special police officer so therefore it was really questionable on w hy the lower court verdict had made such a big deal out of the entire situation. The majority opinion was in favor of the plaintiff who wanted to register for a hand gun in the first place for the protection of his home. The importance of the case was that a man was being withheld his legal rights that are stated under the second amendment. It showed as well that a state law can be overturned by a higher government system. This case specifically was a major part of the Constitution because it showed a prime example of states trying to withhold the rights that we have as citizens. It brings light to the different things that certain state governments try to bring down and cover up.

Pathophysiology of breast cancer

Pathophysiology of breast cancer Cancer is a process in which normal cells go through stages that eventually change them to abnormal cells that multiply out of control. Breast cancer is a malignant growth that begins in the tissue of breast. It is most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. As per the W.H.O. survey 5, 19,000 deaths happen around the world per year. In 2008, Breast cancer incidence was estimated that 1.38 million folks suffered with breast cancer throughout the world. In 2008, it was estimated that nearly 3, 32,000 in Europe and 1,82,460 in US were registered with new cases. The incidence of breast cancer in India is on the rise and is rapidly becoming the number one cancer in females. One in twenty two women in India is likely to suffer from breast cancer during their lifetime, but this figure is more in developed countries like America and UK (one in eight being victim). In 2005, International Association of Cancer Research survey showed that there will be 2,50,000 of breast cancer patients that will be seen in India by 2015, A net 3% increase per year (80 new cases per 1,00,000 population per year). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER: Breast cancers arise from a sequence that begins with an increase in the number of breast cells to the emergence of atypical breast cells followed by carcinoma in situ and finally invasive cancer. Breast cancer occurs due to interaction between the environment and a defective gene. When cells became cancerous they lost ability to stop dividing, to attach to other cells and to stay where they belong. Some mutations can cause cancer such as p-53, BRCA1 and BRCA2. These mutations are either inherited or acquired after birth. Other mutations also cause breast cancer which is deterring the P13K/AKT pathway; these are helpful in apoptosis so that the pathway is stuck in the on position and cancer cells do not commit suicide. Breast cancers are many types which are mainly invasive (infiltrating) breast cancer, non-invasive(ductal, lobular), estrogen fueled, inflammatory and metastatic breast cancer, in these types ductal carcinoma and invasive breast cancers are more common types accounting for about 15% and 80% respectively. CLINICAL SYMPTOMS: Lump or swelling in the armpit. Changes in breast size or shape. Dimpling or puckering of the skin thickening and dimpling skin is sometimes called orange peel. Inverted nipple nipple turns inwards. Crusting or scaling on the nipple. THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES FOR BREAST CANCER: In the present era we have different approaches are there to reduce the breast cancer effect in patients. The treatment of breast cancer is merely dependent on stages of breast cancer, prognosis and risk of recurrence. It is usually treated with breast conserving surgery and then may be with radiation or chemotherapy or both. In case of hormone positive cancers are treated with hormone therapy. Surgery is usually the first line of attack against breast cancer and depends on many factors. Lumpectomy, Mastectomy, lymph node removal and breast reconstruction are comes under the surgery. Chemotherapy treatment uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body, including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the body. It is used to treat early stage invasive breast cancer and advanced stage breast cancer, in some cases chemotherapy is give before surgery to shrink the cancer. In many cases a combination of two or more med icines will be used as chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer. Hormone therapy medicine treats either by lowering the amount of the hormone estrogen in the body or by blocking the action of estrogen on breast cancer cells. Hormonal therapy medicines can also be used to reduce the growth of advanced stage or metastic hormone receptor positive breast cancers and early stage hormone receptor positive breast cancers. Hormonal therapy medicines are not effective against hormone receptor negative breast cancers. RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER: Many factors can influence a womans getting breast cancer but having one or more risk factors does not necessarily mean that a women will get breast cancer. It is important to remember that breast cancer can also occur in women who have no identifiable risk factors. There are many risk factors are responsible for breast cancer, these are classified into three categories Strong risk factors Moderate risk factors Other risk factors Strong risk factors AGE: The primary risk factor for breast cancer in most women is older age. Overall, 85 percent of cases occur in women 50 years of age and older, while only 5 percent of breast cancers develop in women younger than age 40. Family history: Women who have a family history of breast cancer are at a higher risk for breast cancer than those who do not have such a history. Mainly two autosomal dominant genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are responsible for breast cancer. Previous breast cancer: If women had breast cancer in one of the breast previously then there is more possibility of developing cancer in the other breast. This is basically due to hereditary mutation of BRCA gene Moderate risk factors Mammographic density: Women whose mammograms showing many dense areas of tissue in the breast have higher risk of acquiring breast cancer than women showing only fat tissue in her mammogram. Biopsy abnormalities: Women whose previous breast biopsy result showed abnormal proliferation like excessive growth of glandular tissue have an increased tendency of acquiring breast cancer than non proliferative benign breast conditions like fibrocystic changes. Radiation: For the treatment of other cancers a women who have received high doses of radiation therapy on the chest are more prevalence to breast cancer than women who have not exposed to radiation. Other risk factors Hormones: Throughout a womens life breast tissue remain sensitive to hormonal changes that includes during each menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. Increased exposure of estrogen is more porn to breast cancer in women because estrogen stimulates glandular proliferation in breast. Pregnancy and breast feeding: Women who gives child birth at or after the age of 30 have double the chances and women who never given birth have triple the chances of getting breast cancers. Hormone replacement therapy: women aging 50 to 79 who undergo hormone replacement therapy, a combination of estorogen and progesterone for approximately 5 years have increased risk of breast cancer development. Alchol: A women who drink alcohol of two units per day have 8% chances of developing breast cancer than women consuming one unit per day. Increased alcohol consumption increases estrogen levels causing breast cancer. Miscellaneous factors: It may include women of high socio economic status, women working in night shifts exposing to light, race or different ethnic groups like black women and women who smoke have increased tendency of acquiring breast cancer. Women who have other diagnosed cancers of endometrium, ovary or colon have increased chances of getting breast cancer. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR BREAST CANCER: Evaluation of breast complaints and screening for breast cancer accounts for a significant part of primary care. These screening techniques are useful in determining the possibility of cancer. Generally triple test is used to diagnose the breast cancer; it means clinical breast examination, mammography and fine needle aspiration cytology. Other techniques for evaluation of breast cancer are ultrasonopgraphy, core needle biopsy and genetic tests to evaluate the BRCA mutagenic genes. There are many biomarkers are there to evaluate the breast cancer most of them are useful for early detection some are useful to assess the prognosis of the disease. Risk biomarkers are those associated with increased cancer risk and include mammographic abnormalities, proliferative breast disease with or without atypia, and inherited germ line abnormalities. Prognostic biomarkers provide information regarding outcome irrespective of therapy, while predictive biomarkers give evidence regarding response to therapy. Mammography: It is performed to evaluate the breast lumps or as a screening tool. It is usually recommended as part of the evaluation in women older than 35 years who have a breast mass to help evaluate the mass and to search for other lesions. Mammographic findings propose cancer include increased density, irregular border, speculation, and clustered irregular microcalcification. There have been eight major trials of mammography screening. The observed change in breast cancer mortality has varied widely among these studies but the difference is only in randomization techniques, quality of mammograms, and duration of follow-up and evolving treatments during the trial. To assess the Mammographic density is allied with risk of breast cancer and portrays the effects of different reading conditions on the detection of changes in mammographic features. The subjects were recruited from who were participated in NBSS(National Breast Screening Study) program. The trial was randomized into two groups and subjects were allocated based on age, menopause conditions. i.e. one group contains who had undergone menopause after entry (n=202) and called it as prepostmenopausal group and another group contains who had not (n=202), called it as premenopausal group. By using a computer assisted method they obtained memmogram in each individual. Through the one year they collected mammographs in four reading methods of randomization. They assessed mammographic measures of total, dense and non-dense areas, percent density and associated variance to evaluate the mean effect of the menopause. The result of trial shows mehod-1 gave the largest mean period difference; method -4 gave the least mean period among the four mammographic measures. Finally the result shows that mammographic density is the most reliable and sensitive method for the detection of changes. There is variation in the composition of tissue and also radiographic properties of fat, stroma and epithelium in the breasts of the radiographic appearance from one woman to the other. Literature studies have shown more density of breast is associated with increased breast cancers. Wolfe explained the relativity between variation of mammographic density and the risk of breast cancer. Women have four to six times higher risk of getting breast cancer with more than 75% of density. An extended mammographic density may make difficult to detect breast cancer by mammography. During screen tests it will increase the risk of development of cancer. The reason for the study was to relate mammographic density in base line mammogram and the increased development of breast cancer. The NBSS conducted a screening test with mammography and physical examination. The SMPBC with mammography and OBSP with mammography and physical examination. A cause control study in which the subjects who had histolog ically verified breast cancer were included and subjects whose diagnose of the breast cancer with less than 12 months were excluded. Through radiologist and computer assisted method the mammographic density was examined. The image of unaffected breast of case patient with image of control subjects were examined in a multiviewer in a set of 100 images. The statistical result showed that women with 10% of mammogram density had lesser risk of developing breast cancer than women with 75% of density. Increased risk of breast cancer persisted for minimum of 8 years either detected by screening or other methods. It was less in older women than in younger. 26% breast cancer and 50% of cancers detected in less than 12 months after negative screening test in women younger than age of 56. The study concluded increased risk of breast cancer is seen with higher mammographic density detected by screening or between screening tests. CONCLUSION: The incidence of breast cancer is rising in every country of the world especially in developing countries such as India. This is because more and more women in India are beginning to work outside their homes, food habbits, life styles and shorter duration of breast feeding and late age at first childbirth. Early detection of breast cancer has possibility to save the lives. Weve different biomarkers to detect breast cancer. Mammography is not generally useful in women younger than 35 years who present with a lump. It is performed as an adjunct to the physical examination in evaluating as a screening tool in breast cancer. Mammography is not sufficient to exclude cancer in the evaluation of a palpable mass. Ultrasonography is very useful for evaluating breast lumps and in further defining mammographic abnormalities. It is especially useful in women younger than 35 years.

Romanticism in Young Goodman Brown Essay example -- essays research pa

Romanticism and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Romanticism was a literary movement that occurred in the late eighteenth century to the mid nineteenth century which shifted the focus of literature from puritan works, to works which revolved around imagination, the beauty of nature, the individual, and the value of emotion over intellect. The ideas of the movement were quite revolutionary as earlier literature was inhibited by the need to focus on society and the rational world it effected. Romanticism allowed writers to be more creative with there stories and to explore an irrational world which before, would have been at the very least frowned upon if not outright rejected. The short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne is an example of a romantic work because it showcases the individual over society, exalts emotion and intuition over reason, and keeps a strong focus on nature throughout the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A romantic work focuses on the individual and his inner struggles as well as his external conflict. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† accomplished this through the title character whose journey is followed over the course of the story. Though Young Goodman Brown meets many others on his trip, the focus never wavers from him and his internal struggle. For instance, when Goodman Brown witnesses the minister and deacon riding into the wilderness, the story immediately cuts to his reaction to them, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown caught hold...

Why Do Fireflies Glow? Essay -- essays research papers

Why do Fireflies Glow? Fireflies have evolved the ability to send from their abdomen as a means of communication with each other. The most important reason for the flashing is for sexual communication. Flash signals have been classified into two systems. One is where a continuously glowing female attracts a non-glowing male. The second is when a female, flashes a species-specific response to a flying male, who is broadcasting a pulsating signal. There are other functions of flashing as well, such as using their luminescence for lighting up the ground during landing and walking. Fireflies also flash when captured or confined, which is thought to intimidate predators. Males can sometimes bend his light organ forward and put it in the face of the female he's mounted, flash it, blinding her since her eyes are sensitive and adapted to darkness. She will then be unable to see rival males clearly, hindering her from communicating with other potential mates. (Lloyd, 1984a). A particular genus of firefly, Photuris, has evolved quite an interesting behavior. It has learned to mimic the mating flashes of another genus, Photinus. They have "cracked" the species-specific signal codes of their prey, using their own sexual signals against them (Lloyd, 1990). When Photinus males attempt to mate with Photuris, she eats them. This phenomenon is called either aggressive mimicry or predatory responding (Copeland, 1991). T...

Final Week 9 Cultural Diversity

FINAL Cultural Diversity Week 9 Final Currently I live in a community of approximately 21,785 people according to the 2010 US Census. Herriman, which is about 20 miles southwest of Salt Lake City has grown by leaps and bounds over the last twelve years. Herriman was founded as a farming community in 1849 and was incorporated in 1999. Herriman still feels like a small town, an idea which is held onto by its community leaders and population. I noticed while in researching the varying statistics for my city that I look like about 90% of the population.At 38, I am a little bit older than the average age of 27, but I am Caucasian, as are the majority of the residents. I noted with interest, during our last mayoral race, the current mayor spent the time to go out and knock on doors introducing himself to everyone. He made a significant impact on me as he stood and visited with my family and seemed to have the same values and ideals that I do. I cannot say that I have noticed a large differ ence in how minorities are treated by members of my community.In fact, in my local neighborhood we have a few families of varying ethnicities which have been welcomed and encouraged to teach about their homelands. It has been fascinating to watch and learn about the cultures from which they came and even to try some of the more traditional foods. The text and manuals that we have covered throughout class have covered the varying people that I am like. Caucasians have been notable throughout history and their information is fairly well published.I also noted that coming from an Irish background through several lines, the Irish were well represented. I did note a lack of other European descendants being listed through the text; I have a very strong relation to the Danish culture and did not find any information in regards to that culture in our texts at all. The local media looks much like the state, which is to say white, with a few people of color thrown in. It shouldn’t be m ade light of; it just feels that after everything has been so serious in discussion that lightening up the conversation cannot hurt.I have noticed as I have gotten older that we have gained a larger population of various minorities and they have begun to change the way that we see things as well as the way that we are being represented. I feel that this is a great step forward. I have noticed the biggest difference between me and most of the people in local leadership is that they are male while I am female. There is a definite lack of female leadership in our government here. Within the last ten years female leadership has increased, yet still has not changed dramatically.I have noticed that more women are running for various offices throughout the state and feel confident that this will change the local governments as well. As our minority population has grown, there have also been changes in the state government in regards to representation becoming more diverse. I feel this help s represent their interests in the community, and again feel that as people move and spread out in the local communities this will affect the local governments as well.While I do not feel that I can do a lot to change various inequities, I feel that by volunteering my time to the youth in my area I will help set them up into be more able to make changes in the future. It appears that in speaking with friends they note the same various situations that I have mentioned. Yet, because I live in a neighborhood where the majority of people are married and the wives are homemakers, I do bring a different perspective into conversations.Speaking with a local neighbor and friend, who was a former elementary school teacher, she noted that she feels that our culture is fairly self-contained due to our religious affiliations and yet she is one of the most outgoing individuals that I have met. She indicated that there is a trend to assume that people are just like you and not take the time to get to know anyone else. I have noted her on long walks through the neighborhood stopping to talk to anyone that happened to be outside and visit.Something that we both agreed on was the way that the community is very friendly and welcoming to people. It really starts with the neighborhood and then extends out into our city. A prime example of this was the â€Å"UP† house that a local builder wanted to build. He wanted to build a home that was a replica of the home in Disney’s â€Å"UP†. After contacting Disney and going through varying channels, Disney agreed to the home as long as they were allowed certain stipulations, he went looking for a community to build the home.He had contacted several cities, and Herriman agreed to allow him to build the home. The neighborhood had a HOA which agreed, despite it being colors not normally permitted, and a style different from the area, they would permit him to build and allow it into the HOA coding. However, the builderâ⠂¬â„¢s stipulation was that, when sold, the new homeowners had to agree to keep the colors. The home was built and each and every detail was matched to the specifications of the Disney standard, they went so far as to design the interior with the same furniture, which had to be created to replicate it.Herriman and the community welcomed this builder in during the annual â€Å"Parade of Homes† in order to make them feel more comfortable. Finally, the home was sold to a couple that wanted to move back to Utah after several years in California and the home remains the pastel coloring of the Disney design. Herriman leaders felt that having the home built in Herriman was an economic boost they were unable to turn down, and afterwards gave an honor to Bangerter Homes in recognition of such. This type of innovative government thinking is definitely in line with how any community I live in should function.I want my community leaders to always be looking at the next best source to bri ng economic development closer to home. Not only does this benefit the city, but it benefits me because the city has more to offer. Growing up, I lived in a more diverse area of the Salt Lake Valley and was exposed to varying cultures and ethnicities which helped me gain a firm understanding of treating people with respect, and with dealing with varying races. However, the governments there were more old fashioned and less adaptable to today’s changing environment’s.I feel as if this community was actually less welcoming than the one that I am currently in because of this. The prior community may have had a more diverse community, but welcoming new and local businesses was not something that the government chose to promote. Living in Herriman, I have noticed that many of the government officials as well as other leaders are active in getting out and being a part of the community and ensuring that we are aware as citizens of anything that might affect us; from the openi ng of a new restaurant, to a fire that is burning out of control.Herriman city officials have a local Facebook account and Twitter feeds that are used to help notify their citizens on a regular basis of varying volunteer activities, emergencies, CPR training classes and more. It is another way that the community in which I live is actively trying to encourage its citizens to be part of it; this reflects my views on how a community should interact. I believe that in being part of a community, you want to be involved; you want to support local business and taking advantage of times that you can volunteer to help. For instance, going out to reseed a mountain after a grass fire helps build community relations.I enjoy living where I do and feel that I have found a mostly perfect fit for my family. People take care of their yards, their homes, they are active and want to do things to improve not only themselves, but the community in which we live. All of these are ideals that coincide wit h how I feel a community should be. References: http://www. city-data. com/city/Herriman-Utah. html#top www. herrimancity. org http://www. sltrib. com/sltrib/news/53012557-78/hamblin-lynette-disney-herriman. html. csp http://www. facebook. com/HerrimanCity http://twitter. com/BeReadyHerriman