Digital Advertising vs Print Advertising

Advertising is the action of calling something to the attention of the public especially by paid announcements. This has been accomplished using a variety of mediums that have evolved through the use of new technologies. Approaches to advertising include television, radio, online, product placement, billboards, newspapers, and magazines. Digital advertising has become a more accessible and effective form of advertising than press advertising in our growing society. Digital advertising promotes ads through technologically advanced means, such as the internet, television, and telecommunications. It is not to be confused with digital signage, which is a form of electronic display like LCD, LED, and plasma screens. The internet now offers ways to reach an unlimited number of consumers and innovative ways to narrow this selection. A customer can be chosen based on the sites that they surf. An ad for designer perfumes is likely to appear on a website for someone shopping on an online department store. Press advertising uses spreads in newspapers, spaces in magazines, and flyers. Slower societies without electricity rely on newspapers which is responsible for its success in the past. Therefore, there is no way to be selective in the people you are trying to cater to. Newspaper stands and subscription magazines gain loyal customers allowing press advertising to be an ideal form of communication for small businesses. Globally known products that are commonly purchased in a local area are often advertised using print advertisements. Advertising is a single component of the marketing process. It's the part that involves getting the word out concerning your business, product, or the services you are offering. It is not to be confused with the whole of marketing. Marketing consists of advertising, market research, media planning, public relations, product pricing, distribution, customer support, sales strategy, and community involvement. Moreover, advertising is a multibillion dollar industry that businesses use to promote the image of their company, which in turn sparks interest and increases sales. Although, advertising is not limited to a profitable business, it is also used by individuals, organizations, and political candidates. Persuading someone to share a common idea, to utilize services, or to buy something is the main goal of advertising. This has been since 79 A. D. when Romans in Pompeii made billboards to exhibit their testimony on the state of society. A more commonly known advertisement in history is that of Volkswagen, â€Å"Think Small†. The simplicity and use of white space in the campaign gained great response from the German people. Thomas Jefferson was one of the first persons to acknowledge the power of white space around headlines to catch ones attention. This aspect has been modified and has led to the use of bright colors, flashing lights, and shocking phrases. In the present day there are ads like Nike’s â€Å"Just do it,† and â€Å"Got Milk. These very campaigns have developed over the last twenty years. Changing from ads on the back of milk cartons to magazine spreads to television commercials, they have grown in their versatility. In a sense, they have grown with their generations and the technological advances that came with them. The invention of the television, telephone, and internet extremely changed the advertising industry. In the United States, the first television commercial recorded is that of Bulova Watch Company. They aired an ad on New York’s News Channel, WNBT before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The ad featured the slogan â€Å"America runs on Bulova time. † Commercials frequently use slogans, jingles, humor, and animations to promote and idea or product. The use of these aspects allow for it to grasp the audience’s attention, be remembered, and depicted in ways that through the mere use of actors could not be accomplished. They range in length from a few seconds to a couple minutes. The telephone was an invention that many also took advantage of to advertise. This is more commonly known as telemarketing. It is a salesperson directly soliciting to customers over the telephone. This form of advertising leaves more up to words instead of a created image. DialAmerica Marketing Inc. was first company committed to telemarketing for sales and services. Telemarketing techniques are increasingly used in political campaigns. Because of free-speech issues, the laws governing political phone calls are much less strict than those applying to commercials. Many people find these calls to be annoying; subsequently, some states have banned political calls and initiated â€Å"Do Not Call List†. The internet has a caused a massive influx in the change of advertising form. Online advertising is disguised in well-known search engines like Google and Yahoo that are used on a daily basis. Rishad Tobaccowala, the â€Å"chief innovation officer† of Publicis, one of the world’s biggest advertising groups, says that advertising in this form allows advertisers to â€Å"make lots of spearheads and then get people to impale themselves. † The advertisements that show up are in some context related to what is entered in the search bar. The first online advertisement was the ad banner created by HotWired for AT;T on October 25 1994. The thing that these forms of advertising have is that they employ direct-response marketing. This allocates customers to contact advertisers directly and immediately. Direct-response advertising consist of four primary elements, an offer, sufficient information, an explicit â€Å"call to action,† and multiple means of response, like toll free number, web link, or e-mail. Technological innovations have depleted the once thriving ways to communicate products, and promote people and ideas. The technology formerly used is the printing press. The rapidity of typographical text production, as well as the sharp fall in unit costs, led to the issuing of the first newspapers. In 1704, the first newspaper advertisement, an announcement seeking a buyer for an Oyster Bay, Long Island, estate, was published in the Boston News-Letter. In 1810, Frederick Koenig invented the improved printing press. William Carlton of J. Walter Thompson advertising company was the first to begin selling advertisement space in newspapers in 1864. Newspapers began using digital production processes and using computers in 1967. Newspaper advertising has gone a long way over a longer period of time, opposed to online advertising which was almost overnight. In society today, the use of billboards, classified ads, coupon mailers, fliers, and radio are known as small-budget advertising. All of these except radio are forms of print advertising. Whether driving by a billboard, listening to the radio or flipping through the TV channels, every advertisement has dot. com present. A comprehensive advertising campaign is the only way to make a web site successful. The evolution of the Internet has business taking a new direction. Print newsletters require time and effort, while E-newsletters are the easiest, quickest and cheapest newsletters to produce. Each issue is produced electronically and can be sent to all subscribers through Email. Digital and print advertising are in competition, and so far digital is in the lead. According to Voice of America News, advertisers in the United States are spending more on ads on the internet than in newspapers. The internet passed newspapers in 2010 U. S. ad revenue, making the internet the second-largest ad medium behind TV, according to Interpublic Group of Cos. ‘ MagnaGlobal. One newspaper after another is going out of business across the United States, and the ad revenues of traditional print media, even of highly respected magazines, is declining. Pushing a message at a potential customer when it has not been requested and when the consumer is in the midst of something else on the net, will allow it to fail as a major revenue source for most internet sites. Better targeting of ads using individual interests and individual behaviors ensure that people are not bored or annoyed with each ad. As for paid search, it is closer to other mechanisms that allow a website to sell access to potential customers. It works effectively as a revenue source for Google. Online advertising poses as a threat to traditional print advertising because it contains a wide range of people it could possibly reach, products can be purchased immediately, and a product can be described in detail through testimonies, pictures, and reviews. If an ad is placed in a newspaper or magazine, and someone likes it he or she will have to come to your store or office to know more. But if the same ad appears on a website the visitor can click it and come straight to the website and get the full information about the product or service. The immediacy of the feedback is very high in case of internet advertising. Page views can be kept track of and effectiveness can be determined. Consumers are receiving messages through numerous forms but research models aren't accounting for this, they are only giving conversion credit to one medium. Someone who received a flier follows a link and is targeted with digital display ads for that product or related products; the way they interact with the advertisement determines how advertisers reach them. Many believe that scams are most ubiquitous to the internet. This is true but only because so much private information is transferred and communicated over the internet. Such as passwords and credit card information. Computer hackers cause this fear of purchasing items online which consequently makes people go for the â€Å"x† on advertisements all the time. When consumers use the internet to view online news like on CNN, ABC, SKY and BBC News, it is not uncommon for phoney misleading advertisement promoting a scam product to come up. Don’t let the internet scare you, because scams are also subject to printed newspaper advertisements. Waiting in the classified section of the newspaper, con artist target job seekers on a personal level. Much of the unemployed are desperate and willing to give information to have the chance to apply for a job, and sometimes this is by mail-in or over the telephone. This could by far be the worst way to try and obtain an occupation, given addresses and phone numbers can all lead back to your location. Newspaper advertisements do have a higher credibility than online advertisements, but it is easier to distinguish an online scam. The threat present in society today is that of Tivo and DVR, which record programs and also allow you to fast forward through commercials. This will allow for a discrepancy in the advertising industry for television. Maneuvers have been taken to prevent this, for example product placement and DRM’s. DRM’s are encryptions that don’t allow certain actions at certain points like on DVD’s when the FBI warning appears. New regulations could possibly be able to forbid the playback of television shows without commercials. Only new technology and time will tell. Watching shows and movies online impede on the viewing of commercials. This benefits online advertisers who pay for spaces on these web pages. That is why digital advertising is flexible, if it can’t reach you one way, it will try another. Print advertising has accomplished this also by the posting of billboards on buses, etc. This is less proficient though because advertisements cannot be updated as frequently and cost-efficiently. In the future, ads themselves will be engineered to obtain information on its audience, with the mined data immediately fueling message customization. Improvement by using new technologies will enhance the visibility, portability and impact of messages Holosonic, a US technology company, is taking the idea advertising technology to the edge. It has developed the Audio Spotlight, a system that fires a beam of sound onto a small area from a distance of more than 60ft. The company claims, the effect is to â€Å"startle and entertain† pedestrians without being audible to anyone outside the zone. Ad campaigns must become favorable interruptions which anticipate consumer needs by being exceedingly relevant. Digital advertising wholly completes this task and through the application of better developing technology will work to break any barriers or misconceptions. Print advertising is unlike digital because it uses press promote a product, organization or idea. Print advertising has reached far more impediments than the use of television, telecommunications, and the internet. Although useful in its unique, economic way, print advertising is slowing in production, not only because of new technology, but because of a change in the audience’s daily lives. Works Cited http://42explore.com/advertis.htm http://ezinearticles.com/?Print-Advertising-Vs-Online-Advertising—Whats-Better?&id=2385320 http://www.economist.com/node/7138905 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brett-king/digital-versus-traditiona_b_563732.html http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/printing_4.htm

Victimless: Crime and His/her Business Thrive

ss Possession and carrying a firearm or the illegal purchase of a firearm is indeed a victimless crime. The possession of a firearm is a victimless crime because no one is harmed in the process, no one is complaining about the activities, and you are not leaving a victim behind. These offenses are not usually listed as victimless crimes because people believe guns kill people. While you are in the process of a legal or illegal purchase of a firearm, no one is being harmed in the process. A salesman is selling and a buyer is buying, it is as simple as that. The gun is being transferred from POINT A to POINT B.Even in the case of the purchase of an illegal firearm the case is same. The salesman is not aware of the buyers intentions. There is absolutely no harm being done in the transaction of a purchase. The gun is not going to load itself in the case and fire off. Also while you are in the process of purchasing a legal or an illegal firearm, neither side of the party is complaining ab out the activities that are taking place. The salesman is making a sale, and is content on making his/her business thrive. The buyer is buying a product that he/she is inquiring about. In this case, a firearm and in conclusion no harm is done.During the purchase of a legal or an illegal firearm, there is no damage being done at that moment. No damage to property nor to any people. Therefore you are not leaving behind a victim. When you purchase anything, there is no harm being done in any case. For example; you are not harming anyone when you are purchasing a pizza, or purchasing a slurpee at a mini market, or buying you monthly groceries for your home. It is simply a harmless purchase and no damage is being done. These offenses are not usually listed as victimless crimes because people believe that guns kill people, when in fact people with guns kill people.Some other examples of â€Å"victimless crimes† are prostitution, gambling, and purchasing/selling drugs. These are vic timless crimes because no one is harmed and no one complains of the activities. Again I would like to remind my readers that possession and/or carrying a firearm is considered a victimless crime in my opinion because you can purchase a firearm without harming anyone, without either party complaining of the activity, your are not leaving a victim behind, also neither party is damaging people or property.

Privatization of Public Space

Privatization and Advertising in Public Space The fight to take over the world has begun. This fight is between big corporate companies and their race to take over the most public space and plaster it with their advertisements or just simply control it. In this paper I will examine a variety of opinions on how they have invaded public space and if this invasion is benefiting the public or not. In some cases when big companies come take over in a public location it can be positive.Shea Stadium, although it was not exactly public, was greatly improved when Citigroup bought it and rebuilt the park. It improved the viewing experience at the Mets games and Citigroup gets publicity because people associate the park with them. Many people say that this sort of privatization by a big company can have numerous positive effects for people who use the space. Boston’s South Station has also been privatized in recent years. â€Å"The MBTA entered into a ground lease with Beacon South Stat ion Associates, a wholly owned entity of Beacon Properties Corporation, on January 28, 1988†.The MBTA still uses the station for the trains and buses but the company that leases it can set its own rules for within the space and has the right to sell advertising space within the station. Although commuters can still use the space for travel purposes the space is no longer public. During Occupy Boston the protesters peacefully assembled in South Station when the weather became colder but were asked to leave by police because there were not allowed to congregate there per rules of the company leasing the space.According so Una Spencer, an activist and protester during the occupy movement, â€Å"everywhere we are encountering â€Å"public† spaces which we are told are under control of private companies†. She also mentions that’s our taxes are being used to police these areas that are owned by private companies. Spenser is â€Å"seeing is a chipping away of ou r civil rights from many directions† and our tax dollars are paying the police who keep us from practicing these rights.David Morris, co-founder and vice president of Institute for Local Self-Reliance, brings forward the idea that companies should â€Å"compete on an equal footing, and where those with the most money do not necessarily speak in the loudest voice. † Sometimes companies with the most money are able to get their name out more that a smaller company through advertising. By having ads plastered around a city, a consumer is more likely to choose that company’s product than a smaller company. He believes that by seeing ads for specific companies stifles our ability to choose freely between different things.Morris believes in having public spaces where people within a community can congregate that is free of commercialism where people can share ideas. In Sao Paulo, Brazil people are in agreement with ideas similar to Morris’s and laws are being pu t into place to remove advertising. Larry Rohter, American journalist, covered the decision in Sao Paulo, Brazil to remove all advertising from the city. Sao Paulo is South America’s largest and most prosperous city and there has been much controversy over the law.Rohter quotes Brazilian columnist Roberto Pompeu de Toledo saying the law â€Å"is a rare victory of the public interest over private, of order over disorder, aesthetics over ugliness, of cleanliness over trash. † One controversy over this law is that people who work for companies creating advertising may lose jobs. Big companies who’s advertisements will be taken down are claiming â€Å"consumers will be less informed in their purchasing decisions and even that streets will be less safe at night with the loss of illumination from signs. Not only would the law ban billboards, but it would also ban ads on buses, blimps, and plains, and restrict the size of signs that stores would be allowed to have. Ro hter reported one women in Sao Paulo saying â€Å"the truth is that there are so many banners, billboards, placards, signs, and posters all over the place that they’ve lost their impact. † The mayor or Sao Paulo talks about bringing advertising back in the future, but with many restrictions and limitations. The city will become â€Å"an outdoor metropolis with no outdoor advertising. The Internet is another place that has become a common ground for advertising. Facebook used to be a free online community created by a group of college kids. Initially Facebook was supposed to be free of advertisements and that set it apart from other social networking sites. Now, not only does Facebook have advertisements, the advertisements are tailor made to each user based on that person’s likes and activities posted on their profile. On my Facebook is see ads for snowboard websites because I have the posted as one of my activities.Facebook says it needs to have ads because it keeps Facebook free for users. They say it’s also beneficial for advertisers because the right group of people will see their ads. The Internet is just another place where companies are fighting to broadcast to more customers. Along with the Internet, companies also have influence in restaurants, a place where we may not have even suspected it. Have you ever been to a restaurant and when you ordered a coke and the waitress asks, â€Å"is Pepsi ok? This is because restaurants have deals with soda companies and they â€Å"receive additional benefits when they decide to be exclusive. † By having restaurants that are exclusive the soda company theoretically has won that restaurant over and all the customers in that restaurant. It’s like a war to see which soda companies can have the most restaurants exclusively sell their soda. After careful consideration of all these opinions I cannot say I have come to a final conclusion on advertising in public space. I can see how in some cases advertising and privatization have gone overboard.Losing our ability to congregate in South Station seems a little absurd to me because our tax dollars are paying to enforce laws that are keeping us out of a once public space. However, what would a place like Time Square in New York City be without its huge glowing billboards and signs? And in Sao Paulo they are outlawing blimps as a part of the anti-billboard law, and I think of Boston’s Hood blimp that I can see on the skyline from my dorm room window. Is it really such an obstruction to public space? I don’t think so. And it also doesn’t affect what milk I choose to drink because I still am not a big fan of hood milk.In my opinion the best solution would be to haves stricter laws about advertising and privatization. I think Time Square would lose all its magic if the ads were to be taken off the buildings but in places like schools advertising should really be obsolete. As for privatization , I think if a public space is going to be privatized then public dollars should not be used in that space in any way. In South Station the Transit Police should not be enforcing rules put in place by a private organization when it is tax dollars paying the transit police, not the company.I think it’s a pretty fine line and it is the responsibility of government officials to get the balance between public space, advertising, and privatization right. Bibliography â€Å"Advertising on Facebook. † Facebook. 2 Oct 2012. https://www. facebook. com/about/ads/ Morris, David. â€Å"Curbing the Commercialization of Public Space. † Institute for Local Self-Reliance. 15 Jan 2009. 2 Oct 2012. http://www. ilsr. org/curbing-commercialization-public-space/ Rohter, Larry. â€Å"Streets are Paved with Neon’s Glare, and City Calls a Halt. † New York Times. 2 Dec 2006. 2 Oct 2012. ://www. nytimes. com/2006/12/12/world/Americas/12paulo. html? pagewanted=print&_r=0 Spe nser, Una. â€Å"Occupy Boston: the Privatizing of Public Spaces. † Daily Kos. 30 Oct 2011. 2 Oct 2012. http://www. dailykos. com/story/2011/10/30/1031512/-Occupy-Boston-the-privatizing-of-public-spaces â€Å"Why Aren’t Coke and Pepsi Sold Together at Restaurants? † Xatal. 12 Mar 2009. 2 Oct 2012. http://xatal. com/miscellaneous/why-arent-coke-and-pepsi-sold-together-at-restaurants/ ——————————————– [ 1 ].Una Spenser. â€Å"Occupy Boston: the Privatizing of Public Spaces. † Daily Kos. 30 Oct 2011. 2 Oct 2012. http://www. dailykos. com/story/2011/10/30/1031512/-Occupy-Boston-the-privatizing-of-public-spaces [ 2 ]. Una Spenser. â€Å"Occupy Boston: the Privatizing of Public Spaces. † Daily Kos. 30 Oct 2011. 2 Oct 2012. http://www. dailykos. com/story/2011/10/30/1031512/-Occupy-Boston-the-privatizing-of-public-spaces [ 3 ]. Ibid [ 4 ]. David Morris. â€Å"Curbing the Commercialization of Public Space. † Institute for Local Self-Reliance. 15 Jan 2009. 2 Oct 2012.

Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Article Analysis - Essay Example It became apparent that retention rates within the organization were abysmal with approximately 50% of new hires would not last 97 days within the organization. Employee retention has significant associated costs, and a study by Cox/Frank for the U.S. Department of labor statistics estimated that in the supermarket context, employee turnover cuts into the industry’s profit by approximately 40%. It was from this study that Angela Hornsby decided that many of the problems that plagued the supermarket industry were similar to that of T.G.I. Fridays The article then went on to identify problems with retention. Firstly it is the case that many restaurants focus on turnover and not retention. Salary is not the most common reason for somebody leaving an organization. It was postulated that employers who provide their employees with better direction lose only about half of their employees in 148 days as opposed to 86 days which marks a 72% difference in the grocery industry. Furthermore it should be noted that retention drivers are different for management employees as opposed to hourly laborers. As such retention programs need to be tailored to meet the different needs of different employees. The article finally postulated that according to Teresa Siriani of the People report suggests that the restaurant industry’s high turnover can be attributed to many factors and no one simple problem. She suggested that a shrinking labor pool, declining employment rate (in 2006) and more competition amongst other labor fields such as health care will continue to make retention difficult. It is only through continual innovations can a restaurant hope to achieve better employee retention and as such lower the associated costs. The challenges presented in this article are simple. It is the case that in the restaurant (And Supermarket) industry there is inherently a very high employee turnover rate. The way that this affects the food and beverage

Scattering of Lamb Waves From Typical Structure Defects in Plates Essay

Scattering of Lamb Waves From Typical Structure Defects in Plates - Essay Example ure defects using piezoelectric transducer (PZT) sensors and 3-D Scanning Laser vibrometry and simulation the results by using Autodyne ANSYS is an important wildly recognized non-destructive evaluation SHM technique to locate, identify and quantify the structural damage and hence we can improve the survivability of mechanical structure. 1- The project work will be carried out first by reviewing the various research works and techniques involved in SHM including project related above mentioned non-destructive evaluation SHM technique with Autodyn ANSYS as simulation tool. The information obtained through literature review will further be used for practical work to study and investigate the various aspects of practical applications. 2- Since the practical work involved the application of 3D laser vibrometer in conjunction with Lamb wave technique to locate, identify and quantify typical structural damage like any crack, corrosion and dent, hence as next step I have to prepare test specimens. The test specimen can be a single aluminium plate having all three structural damages or three separate aluminium plates with different structural damage. For my experiment for the worse case situation, I have to prepare a single aluminium plate of 800 X 200 X 20 mm dimensions with all three defects i.e. crack, corrosion and dents as shown in following figure 1, 2 and 3 below. 3- My next step will be to fabricate the sensing devices to the specimen. Since I am using piezoelectric transducer (PZT) as sensors to Lamb wave through 3-D laser scanning hence I fabricate PZT to target

English - College Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English - College Literature - Essay Example The tone of despair and anger underlines a theme of hidden suffering, where people cover up their feelings, only expressing them in prayer, â€Å"We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries / To thee from tortured souls arise.† (1. 0-11). The speaker is not definable as male or female, young or old, but has a voice that could apply to many, as the poet shares the suffering experiences across a whole range of humanity, evidenced by the use of â€Å"we†. The metaphor of â€Å"the mask that grins and lies,† (l. 1) and the reason for using this protection, â€Å"Nay, let them only see us while / We wear the mask† (l. 8-9), signified how people may hurt inside for many reasons but want to hide the pain. It seemed to be a matter of pride, as in â€Å"why should the world be over-wise, / In counting all our tears and sighs?† (l. 6-7), to keep the suffering hidden. Dunbar was a child of slaves and he understood the suffering of slavery. But the concept of covering up our pain can apply to anyone; the mask is a symbol of the human need to protect itself. Often, at school or hanging out with friends, somebody can say something hurtful, maybe as a joke, so we smile or laugh in response, pretending not to be vulnerable and covering up our hurt. The poet expressed exactly how much we hurt and how the pretence can damage us. He makes us feel other’s pain and relate it to our own, and maybe realize that if we take off the mask, we could suffer less and become stronger. â€Å"Incident†, with the simple, repetitive rhythms of a child’s sung rhyme and point of view, gives a difference perspective on how people hurt each other. The boy speaker, most likely the poet, recalled a childhood memory with an ironic tone that suggests he had risen above that experience. Though the poem reads like a child telling a story, with true rhyme such as â€Å"glee† (l. 2) and â€Å"me† (l. 4), â€Å"bigger† (1. 6) and â€Å"nigger† (l. 8), its message is stark. The theme of racism and its

Integrated Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example which carry leading brands in other product segments such as hair care and ladies skin care ranges. The product is currently having a 4% market share in the men's face lotion category and included in the top 10 brands in the market. Marketing Communication Process includes five elements. They are: sender, message, receiver, medium, and feedback.In developing marketing communications, the target audience needs to be identified, and a well-coordinated program should be shaped to derive a desired audience response. To have an effective Marketing Communication, Nolan Company should target the right audience. Once the target audience is selected suitable tools of marketing communication should be chosen from advertising, sales promotions, direct marketing, public relations and personal selling. SWOT that is strengths, weaknesses, opportunities; threats are the influencers of marketing communication process of the Black knight lotion. At most times, the communication process is based on sh ort-term objectives such as overcoming immediate awareness problems, image or preference problems in the target market. The achievement of the set MC 1 objectives can be realized through a well-planned MC program utilizing a mix of MC tools and execution of the programs with correct timing and frequency. Before starting the report on Marketing Communication, we should know what that is. ... 7 3.5 Feedback 8 4. Barriers of Effective Communication 8 5. Target Audience 9 6. Findings after Selecting Target Audience 9 6.1 Geographical Audience 10 6.2 Demographics Audience 10 6.3 Psycho graphic Audience 10 6.4 Behavioral Patterns 10 6.5 Viewer ship and Listener ship Patterns 11 7. Brand Analysis (SWOT) 11 7.1 Strengths 12 7.2 Weaknesses 13 7.3 Opportunities 13 7.4 Threats 13-14 8. Marketing Communication Objectives 14 8.1 Short-term 14 8.2 Long-Term 14 9. Conclusion 15 10. Bibliography Introduction Before starting the report on Marketing Communication, we should know what that is. Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering values to the customers or clients and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.2 Communication is a transactional process between two or more parties whereby meaning is exchanged through the intentional use of symbols.3 So marketing Communication is an ever-changed field where new theories, new techniques, cultural changes and technological advances all combined to create a dynamic environment within which marketers try to ensure that, their messages get through to their target audiences. For Marketing Communications to be effective they should be aligned with the overall business and marketing strategies of the product and this is referred to as an integrated Marketing Communication approach. In today's intensely competitive markets, consume rs are becoming more and more sophisticated in terms of their needs as well as their purchasing process. Therefore, need

Germany and the Gurmans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Germany and the Gurmans - Essay Example The thought of that period painted in me a negative perception towards Germany and the German people in general. However, my current perception is that of respect and understanding of how Germany has contributed significantly to some of the technological advancements we enjoy in the world today. The historical significance of Germany in shaping the politics of the world is also without doubt. A key theme in this perspective is that Germany has always been a primary player in the world politics and as a result a major contributor to the global affairs. Although I had known that Germany had significant influence in the course of things during the 1st and the 2nd world war, I had not known that the influence dated back centuries ago to great leaders such as Frederick the Great. Germany has also produced one of the best scientists that have contributed significantly to the field of medicine. For instance, scientists like Paul Elhrich and Robert Koch who contributed significantly to the scientific fields of medicine, microbiology and immunology. These are men who dedicated their lives for the noble course of humanity with the aim of improving better understanding of diseases. One wonders the condition of the world had there not existed such scientists. Germany is a country that strived to ensure that it was at the forefront of scientific inventions and therefore consolidating its position as one of the leading countries in the world. Such scientists had the whole world in perspective when conducting their experiments in order to find solutions not to the problems of Germany alone but to the problems of the whole world. In the field of psychology and sociology, Germany also produced one of the key contributors in these fields. The contributions of German sociologists and psychologists improved the understanding of mental diseases and human behaviors in the society, thereby setting the pace for contemporary sociologists and

Book Review on Song of the Hummingbird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Book Review on Song of the Hummingbird - Essay Example We can examine that Aztecs were willing and also trying a lot to make peace by doing work with Spaniards but Spaniards totally against with Aztecs and not willing to unite with them. Author also portrayed that Spaniards createsproblems with Aztecs and also they didn’t even try to understand the Mexican Culture, for this act which pertained to the devil; author saw lot of human sacrifices for this act.Mostly people at that time agree with Limon that people should understand each other because if they are not united then several problems occurred between people just like Aztecs and Spaniards. This story takes place in newly colonized Mexicoafter thirty years of Aztec Empire. Author is continuously against of war, racism and class problems. Limon argue about that people get ways from colonized mind and give the value of beauty and making love and understand each other. Graciela Limon wrote this novel in 1996 about the fall of Aztecs and discuss the end era of Mexicans by Spanish conquers. Author expresses the views of a struggling, indigenous and powerful old woman her name is Huitzitzilin for easiness people pronounce her name â€Å"Hummingbird†. Theme of starting chapters of this book is transcription of Huitzitzilinand this transcription is basically the device of this book. In other chapters it reveals that protagonist of this story is Huitzitzilin or HummingBird was a Nobel Mexica means Aztec at birth. Her age is almost 20 years old when Spaniards arrived in Mexica then after sometime these Spaniards known as Tenochtitlan. In the start of novel author writes that â€Å"Like most of her people she experienced the awe caused by those bearded white men when they first arrived; wonderment that soon gave way to outrage of seeing the devastation of her land, the disruption of her life and the end of civilization as she knew it†. From these points author narrates the powerful images and expresses the passion of a story which is the

The Decade of the 1960's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Decade of the 1960's - Essay Example Human rights advanced during the decade but not without an extended, sometimes bloody fight. It was a collection of revolutionary acts designed to gain the heart and mind of American society. Following WWII, black Americans, who had fought in segregated units, began to wonder out loud why they returned to an oppressive situation in a country they risked their lives to defend. Legal equality and economic opportunity was elusive for blacks, particularly in Southern States. "Jim Crow" laws segregated blacks from schools, sections of town, restaurants and restrooms while preventing them from serving on juries, voting and using various methods of transportation. The 1954 "Brown vs. Board of Education" Supreme Court decision invalidated the excuse of separate was equal thus ending public segregation but the South didnt agree and for awhile didnt budge. The plight of black Americans was put into the spotlight by the decision then the next year. Rosa Parks broke the law in Alabama by not moving to the back of a Montgomery city bus. A steady stream of public civil rights actions followed, making the 1964 Civil Rights Act inevitable. Racism, prevalent throughout the nation, was no w in full demonstrative display in full color into everyones homes. The movement was, in itself a revolution involving great sacrifice. It certainly looked like one as televisions showed the National Guard transforming schools in Little Rock, Arkansas and Oxford, MS. into battlefields so black kids could attend. Martin Luther King, Medgar Evers, Malcom X and other prominent movement leaders were assassinated, students registering blacks to vote during "Freedom Summer" murdered and protesters beaten. As opposed to a famous saying, the revolution was indeed televised. (Vox, 2014). While the nation deeply mourned President John Kennedys assassination in Dallas and the Vietnam War was ramping up, President Johnson introduced a range of programs designed to

Piagets stages of development Essay Example for Free

Piagets stages of development Essay Sensory Motor Stage Piaget’s first stage of development is the sensory motor stage. This stage occurs between the birth of the child and the age of two. During this stage, understanding comes from touching, sucking, chewing, and manipulating objects. About nine months after birth, the child develops what is called ‘object permanence’. Object permanence is the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight. The infants have the ability to build up mental pictures of objects around them, from the knowledge that they have developed on what can be done with the object. Through manipulation, babies accumulate information on themselves and the world that lead to the slight understanding of how one thing can cause or affect another, and begins to develop simple ideas about time and space. An example of this would be that a baby can realize that if they cry when they are hungry, the mother will attend to them (Fleck, 1975, p. 3). Preoperational Stage Piaget’s second stage of development was the preoperational stage. The preoperational stage of development occurs between the ages of two to seven years. During this stage, children’s though processes are developing. There is a development of language and use of symbols. Children still use egocentric thought, meaning that they view the world entirely from his or her own perspective. ‘Animism’ is also a characteristic of the preoperational stage. This is when a person has the belief that everything that exists has some kind of consciousness. An example of this would be that a child would believe the sink isn’t turning on because it is sick or that the water will be hot because it’s angry. A child at this stage of development appears to view his social relationships and the physical reality egocentrically. This means that they view the world with a marked tendency to evaluate interaction with others in terms of its contribution to their own experience of satisfaction. So moral realism is an aspect of this stage because children think that their thoughts on the difference between right and wrong are shared by everyone else around them. (Appel, 1977, p. 4). Concrete Operational Stage Piaget’s third stage of development is the concrete operational stage. The  concrete operational stage of development occurs in children between the ages of seven and twelve. Before the beginning of this stage, children’s ideas about different objects are formed and dominated by their appearance. An example of this is that they believe there are less toys when they are all piled up rather than spread out across the floor because it takes up more space on the ground. During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature, adult-like, and operational. Children in this stage of development lose their egocentric frame of thought and begin to think logically. This especially is true for the child’s ability to develop logical thought about an object that they are able to physically manipulate. These children have difficulty understanding abstract, hypothetical questions. Children at the concrete-operational level would be expected to draw on the experie nces of others in evaluating their environment, giving more realistic and natural. (Koocher, 1973, p. 2). Formal Operations Stage Piaget’s last stage of development is the formal operational stage. The formal operational stage of development begins at the age of around eleven or twelve and is fully achieved by the age of fifteen and taken throughout the rest of adulthood. The structures of development become the more abstract, logically organized system of adult intelligence. There are two major characteristics of formal operational thought including ‘hypothetic-deductive reasoning’ and ‘propositional reasoning’. Hypothetic-deductive reasoning means that when faced with a problem, the person is able to come up with a general summary of all the possible factors that might affect the outcome, and the different outcomes possible. Propositional reasoning means that adolescents can focus on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without making reference to real-world circumstances. In concrete operational development, children can only evaluate the logic of statements based off of concrete evidence. Formal operational development brings critical, theoretical, and problem-solving types of thought that gives them much more thought and understanding than they had in the past. (Koocher, 1973, p. 8). â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known? Or should we try to develop creative and innovative minds, capable of  discovery from the preschool age on, throughout life?† –Jean Piaget On August 9, 1896, developmental psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget was born. Jean was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. His contributions include a theory of cognitive child development, detailed observational studies of cognition in children, and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal different cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s work, the common assumption in psychology was that children are merely less competent thinkers than adults which he disproved showing the strikingly different ways children think in comparison to adults. Piaget’s theories of child development continue to be studied in the field of education. His theory differs from others in several ways. For one, it is concerned with children, rather than all learners. It also focuses on development rather than learning so it does not address learning of information or specific behaviors. It proposes discrete stages of development marked by qualitative differences, rather than a gradual increase in number and complexity of behaviors, concepts, and ideas.

Undying Message Essay Example for Free

Undying Message Essay â€Å"I have asked myself many times: Is the Filipino worth suffering, or even dying, for? Is he not a coward who would readily yield to any colonizer, be he foreign or homegrown? Is a Filipino more comfortable under an authoritarian leader because he does not want to be burdened with the freedom of choice? Is he unprepared, or worse, ill-suited for presidential or parliamentary democracy? I have carefully weighed the virtues and the faults of the Filipino and I have come to the conclusion that he is worth dying for because he is the nation’s greatest untapped resource. † *Ninoy delivered before the Asia Society on August 4, 1980 in New York City. It’s been years and yet Benigno â€Å"Ninoy† Aquino Jr. is still remembered from the shirts and posters that we see everywhere. This is only a sign that he became a part of every Filipino’s identity. However it is not only his so called heroism and legacy that has been left and looked upon, the famous statement â€Å"Filipinos are worth dying for† is also celebrated and even put in the old 500 peso bill with his famous portrait. But why did his statement moved us, Filipinos? Why is it necessary for him to say that we are worth dying for? â€Å"Worth dying for†: the phrase is heavily equipped with words that can be controversial. How do we say something is worthy and not only worthy of anything but worthy of dying? Are we that special for him to say that? Yes, for him, it is yes. Going back decades ago, we were under the martial law led by Ferdinand Marcos, the archenemy of Ninoy. Everybody before looked upon Ninoy for he was the only political actor that readily questioned Marcos and therefore took the hearts of the people. And with his death, the people’s cry for democracy was only empowered to the point that everybody was swayed by his ill fate. Scores of students, teachers, and workers alike make use of his statement either to fight their rights, use it academically, and/or to give inspiration to the public. That’s how it made impact on our way of living. We tend to use famous words from famous people because we think it will make our convictions heavier. Now this statement became a legend not only as a symbol before but also a symbol of fighting. It will be and always be reminding us that we are worth dying for and because of that we believe that we should be the bosses of the government and they should look upon us as their greatest resource for our own development.

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Before elaborating the relativity of Tourism and Environment, it is necessary to understand both terms individually. Relativity is to distinguish contrast and characterise between two different values for understanding their dependability upon each other. Tourism: Tourism is now a phenomenon, not just a simple holiday activity. It also has to be considered that tourism and tourist are two different characteristics. Approaches differentiate accordingly and it can be defined according to both understandings: It [tourism] is a human activity which encompasses human behaviour, use of resources, and interaction with other people, economies and environments. Bull, 1991:1 cited in Holden, A. (2008). From mentioned definition tourism is mainly focused on natural or social aspects, where author has examined tourism on the basis of environmental characteristics. Another understanding could be from the perspective of a visitor or tourist, again I would like to mention a definition from Holdens writing; where he used another authors definition to differentiate from the previous point of view. Tourism as: an attitude to the world or a way of seeing the world, not necessarily what we find only at the end of a long and arduous journey Franklin, 2003:33 cited in Holden, A. (2008). This definition is from the perspective of a tourist as a single entity and more individualistic. Here personal experience is more valuable for a consumer. Tourism is not a very old study for world but travel defiantly is. Tourism is more of gaining an exceptional experience than a regular living, while travel can consists of various reasons behind it. But according to Hunter and Green (1995, pp: 1) There is no universally accepted definition of tourism. This is not surprising, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry are still matters of debate. Environment: In terms of tourism, Environment is always understood as a nature or atmosphere of a destination or a place which is used for tourism. Nature consists of mountains, water resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environment includes plants, forests, parks, rainforests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animals, forest species and so on. Socially; heritage sites or cultural uniqueness is also a part of an environment. In environmental studies it has commonly been assumed that there exists a fundamental connection between a societys management of natural resources and its perception of nature. Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008). Environmental studies and explanations are vast and distributions of its characteristics are crucial. If we look at it from a different perspective it seems environment consists of whole world (living or non living beings) including humans, animals, plants and resources. From evolution humans are using environmental resources. When observed this use or loss, it is categorised as Environmental study. Resistance and Resilience are two distinctions in this study, where Resistance is tolerance of the site (while getting used and still being undisturbed) and Resilience is the ability to recover from the happened loss or change. Some sites have either qualities or some not. Hence due to its characteristics, Hunter and Green (1995) stated that environment can be subdivided into three components as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, soil, water and climate. Tourism and Environment are interdependent: Tourism is based on the environment; Tourism has and will always devour the natural resources. Tourism is the main factor carrying out the natural environment in both positive and negative aspect. Even simplest form of tourism like visiting a zoo consumes environmental resources such as animals, birds or plants. Such a kind simple form of tourism also renders constructive as well as unconstructive effects. The negative effect cases might be the capturing animals from their natural habitat and keeping them in a zoo, whereas positive aspect can be that by capturing the animals they are getting protected against hunters and other environmental conditions that can be critical to them. In various other smaller or greater impressions tourism has both negative and positive effects, but more important is to understand the actual destruction or refurbishments causing from tourism towards environment. It is understandable that human involvement with environment tend to use the resources, if it cant help to make them grow at least they can be saved from future damages by use of intelligent human behaviour. Study of tourism environment is about understanding the cause and effect rule and to imply theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass tourism. It is also significant that Tourism should place along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall get benefit from it not the damage. No doubt every human action has its own pros and cons and fragility of nature resources must not be seriously harm by it. Tourism is without a doubt among the worlds highest profitable industries (whether on the cost of environment) and relationship between tourism and environment can get equilibrate if financial profits gets used for the conservation programs or environmental sustainability. Impacts of Tourism on environment: All activities consume resources and produce waste, possibly all these activities has a potential to spoil the environment, and in same context Tourism is no exception. Tourism has developed as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass level definitely leaves its positive and negative impacts, such as tourism did in the past. Although not the case that every environmental problem is produced by tourism but still being a mass industry it affects on a wider platform. Negative Impacts: The harmful impact of tourism can destroy the natural environment when the negative impacts on the environment are sufficiently intensive and extensive. Such as damaging biodiversity of particular areas which includes holiday retreats, clearing of vegetation for constructing resorts and hotels or other tourism facilities, and also many rare species have been brought to the verge of disappearance due to non-tourism nuisance which are directly related to tourism. Habitat devastation brought by unrestrained and ill planned tourism is the prime cause of extinction of species which eventually destroy the natural balance, but destruction of biodiversity can have far reaching effects than this. Another negative impact is the depletion of natural resources like water, land and resources like food, energy or raw materials etc. which are already in short supply. Degradation of land resources like wood or plantations is another example of the negative impacts of tourism on the natural environme nt. Solid waste littering is more common in the case of trekking, rock climbing or hiking tourists. Tourism also pollutes the tourism sites with noise and air pollutions, problems are more compounded in countries or regions which lack or does not have the ability to effectively treat such forms of pollutants generated from tourism activities. Tourism development is more or less responsible for most of the harmful impacts that tourism has on the natural environment. The cutting down of forested areas, changing the landscape etc all have negative impacts on the ecological balance of the tourism destination, whereas levels of impact may vary from site to site, but the negative impacts of tourism on the environment cannot be ignored. The negative impacts are intensely visible in ecologically fragile environments. Whether from generating a new site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is getting a hard time by this. By pollution, numbers of persons using limited resources, behaviour of tourists while on holidays and so on are some of the causes which directly or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural aspects. Unless managing at all level it is difficult to provide specific consideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative aspect towards tourism, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural settings to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites. Effluence caused by tourism main concerns faced by tourism trade today. The sewage waste from tourist resorts are drained into the rivers causing pollution in the river water and eventually to sea bed, it highly affects the marine life. Extreme use of natural resource that is fossil fuel to generate energy for tourist activity, the activities of overfishing, unnecessary use of ground water resources, are only few of problems which are created by tourism industry which in turn causes the reduction of the resource. As tourism grows, it also give hands to increased littering, various forms of pollution e.g. noise, water, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to uncontrollable levels. Alongside need for transportation gets high and number of vehicles produces numerous gases and noise in air. In areas where resources are limited, tourism develops a sense of competition, leading to all sorts of degradation. Such harmful impacts are majorly brought by poor management or lack of proper conservation mechanism in place. Positive impacts: However with all these harmful effects, the environment is also gaining the optimistic outcome of tourism. Tourism is moving towards a sustainable side by helping and preserving the natural resources for the future generation. Various nations and its conservative organisations are implementing strict plans for conserving their flora and fauna and protecting their natural resources. We should not only see at the dark side of the moon if tourism has its costs, its pays back as well, as tourism grows it definitely encourage several other industries to rise side by side. Whenever a destination is selected to develop as a tourism destination government and planning sources put efforts for the regeneration of the place. It consists of revitalisation of an area or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this process brings new colours to the site. Any vital site when comes under tourism perspective, its natural resources gets special attention from the managing bodies, where as educated tourism developers knows the value of a natural resource and keeping this in mind they prevent any misuse or damage to it. According to Swarbrooke (1999) the term sustainable tourism can be defined as the approach towards tourism in which more focus is shown in preservation of the natural resources in a way that they can be consumed by the present generation and can be preserved for the future generation as well. Tourism can therefore no longer be seen as a harmful factor to environment. Economically, many areas in the world have benefitted from tourism and conservations are taking place on a higher level in many countries. There is an urgent need to understand the relationships between tourists, tourism and the environment. Many new forms of tourist consumption revolve around environmental quality and the respect for nature. One more reason for the negative picture of tourism might be that it is difficult to disentangle the impact of tourism from other forms of economic activity in certain destination areas. Shaw g., Williams A.M. (2002) Numerous examples and case studies are available where tourism has proven a saviour to drowning economies, along with economical benefits; it is helpful in urbanisation of dead towns. Due to tourism many businesses develop and people get employed, on a social level tourism keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourists social involvement and habits are controlled by the behaviour in which s/he is coming from and an insight can be developed in order to gain positive response from tourists. Appropriate educational information system towards environment is rising as very useful tool. How tourism can enhance environmental conservation- If tourism destroys the environment with negative impacts, it also plays a very big role in the preservation of the natural environment of the destination areas. As tourism industry benefits from the tourism sites, it should be its morally responsible to take a pivotal role in the conservation of the natural setting from which it gets benefits. An appropriate and well managed tourism approach can reduce the pessimistic impact of tourism on the natural environment. Appropriate use of earned revenue- Though the profits earned from the tourism conduct is the major contribution of the tourism trade to the efforts of preservation of the environment, educating the tourist is also an essential aspect in the effort of conservation of the natural environment. The revenue earned from various tourist activities brings in the wealth which enables organisations to focus on the conservational efforts. Without the money, conservation process is nothing. Though, concern must be taken to see that the managers of such destinations or sites are not tempted to enlarge the visitation upper limit as the money starts to flow, thinking that the money thus earned from tourist activities like entry fees will be enough to address the very issues caused by the increased visitation. If this persuasion is not overlooked, than the natural environment will suffer more thereby negating the effective use of money from tourism for the conservation of the environment. The conser vationists who have the expertise and authority should make an effort to take control and focus on the maintenance of the environment. Developing eco-tourism- Another most important method is to bring a change from the basic idea of mainstream conventional tourism. This can be achieved by propagating the initiative of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism which are far more environmental friendly and aims at nourishing both the external and the internal environment of the destination. Adopting the idea of such forms of tourism plays a significant role in the conservation of the natural environment. Fundamental principles of these forms are inclined towards reducing the ill effects of tourism on the environment without compromising the value of experience that the visitors can get from visiting the sites. In further part of this essay I have mentioned and elaborated how this alternate tourism is developing these days. Sound planning- Sound environmental management of tourism amenities like resorts and hotels can enhance the benefits to natural areas; requirement is careful planning of tourism development which is based on the environmental resources existing in the destination area. For example clearing of vast areas of vegetation or forest to build resorts, holiday retreats, etc and changing of the landscape to appear more appealing to the tourist. While doing this, the natural environment or to be precise the biodiversity or the ecology of the area is being affected. So care should be taken to see that tourism development causes least impact on the environment. This again can be done by creating eco friendly resorts or buildings which will have the least impact on the surroundings. Tourism also has the potential of raising awareness of the environmental problems among the people by bringing them into close contact with the surroundings. Tourism cannot be sustainable if the surroundings or the en vironment of the destination is not sustainable in itself. Developing awareness among tourists- Conservationists should offer means by which people using the particular destination, both locals and tourists can be made aware of the importance of maintaining the environment. In fact they can encourage the people to contribute towards maintaining the environmental balance. Conscious effort to transform and develop the destination should be the aim of the environmentalists and the development projects, keeping in mind the positive possibility as well as the downfall of the environment with extreme tourism. A way in which tourism can contribute to the conservation process is by having an appropriate mechanism for the dealing with pollution and sewages generated from tourism activities. Various means can be used to minimise the impact of tourism on the environment. Appropriate interpretation can remove negative facts of the site and educate and inform the tourist on the diverse aspects related to the environment. This can lead to the visitors gre ater understanding of the environment and thus act in a more responsible manner and hence minimise the impact caused by them. Implementation of visitation limits, proper rules regulations and mentioning the environmental issues caused by tourism at its early stage can imply a big difference in the conservation of the natural environment. Helping wildlife preservations- Tourism also plays a vital role in the preservation and protection of various species of endangered species which is a vital part of the natural environment. Nature loving tourists visit wildlife reserves and in doing so contribute to the conservation process. Tourism can play major role in the conservation process in various other ways. The tourism industry can also organise campaigns to raise awareness of the environmental issues affecting nature or wildlife and in doing so can also built up a good image which has been often criticised in the last few decades for the negative impacts it has caused to the wildlife destinations. Alternate tourism is developing- A new breed of tourists is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in light in 80s due to previously happened mass destruction in environmental resources. Sustainable Development concept came in attention from 1980s and in March 1980, World Conservation Strategy (WCS) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined hands for worlds living resources. WCS was a conservation strategy where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, soil erosion and genetic diversity and extinction of species and many related issues were in discussion. The relationship between economic development and the conservation and sustenance of natural resources is concept of sustainable development. Though these thoughts were already in air from many years at that time but WCS discussed many drastic changes happening to environment and WCS was proven as a bridge between prior thoughts and later actions. Another major outcome was establishment of WCED (World commission on environment and development) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland (PM Norway) was appointed chairperson for this commission and in 1987 he publicised a report known as Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) in which Sustainability were originally popularised- Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (According to WCED 1987:43) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998 Certainly sustainability consists of strategy making, preservation of ecological processes, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic focused productivity and balance between social behaviour and environment. Along with the global acceptance of International tourism, sustainability also got recognised as a key element towards long term beneficial policies along with saving limited resources. Destination areas have developed to accommodate all these travellers, and receiving them and catering their needs has also become part of a daily routine. Development is a highly contested concept and since the Second World War debates over what it is, and how to achieve it, has gone through a number of phases. International tourism has been a global phenomenon from centuries, but that packaging of tourism for mass consumption dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific service sector devoted to the mass consumption of travel emerged, roughly parallel to the development of mass production in the industrial sector. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) As people are not tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing rules and regulation, especially when visitors are on holidays, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what sort of touristic approach is needed is Tourism at one with nature; non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding degradation and destruction of the environment, but rather tourism in harmony, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. (1994) Conclusion Based upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by tourism stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the outline as a major concern of how tourism is to be developed potentially. Thus all these negative and positive effects of tourism on the environment, brings us to a conclusion that tourism can be treated in negative as well as positive aspect in regards to the environment. The negative impacts can be reduced by taking initiative towards conserving natural resources. There are various tools that can be used to protect the environment like collecting income in the form of taxes. All these examples however show us a positive picture about how the tourism industry and the environment are co-dependent to each other for their mutual existence. Though there are many negative aspects to tourism, we can still say that tourism has the tools to protect, preserve and enhance natural resources and the environment. Therefore Tourism and natural environment can both co-exist and be mutually beneficial to each other if the tourism industry has the willingness to pull in full support to the conservation efforts of the natural environment. In doing so, it can help maintain the environment and also recover from the negative image that it has built up for itself during the last few decades. Proper and efficient planning and management accompanied by strict implantation, strict rules and regulations, proper interpretation, propagating the idea of sustainable consumption, well planned eco tourism and sustainable tourism and educating the tourist and making them aware of the impacts of their actions which may have negative impacts on the environment are some of the few ways in which tourism sector can contribute in the conservation process of the natural environment. There cannot be a limit to the extent tourism can contribute to the process and there cannot be an end to its contribution towards environ mental conservation because as long as tourism exists, the negative impacts of tourist will be evident on the natural environment. There is no doubt accepting the fact that tourism brings in money. But even then, care must be taken to make sure that the economic growth brought by the tourism industry must contribute to the natural environment processes and the sustainable use of natural resources. Academic References: Brunn and Kalland (1995:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Bull (1991:1) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Franklin (2003:33) cited in Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge) Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998. The geography of sustainable tourism development: an introduction. Harlow: Longman. Harrison, D. (ed.) (2001) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford: CABI. Ch. 1. Holden, A. (2008) Environment and Tourism (2nd edition), Routledge. Hunter, C. and Green, H. (1995) Tourism and the Environment: A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London. Shaw G., Williams A.M. (2002) 2nd ed. Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective: Oxford. Swarbrooke, J. (1999) Sustainable Tourism Management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. Wheeller, B. (1994) Egotourism, sustainable tourism and the environment: a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? in A.V. Seaton et al., eds. Tourism: The State of the Art, Wiley, Chichester.

Schizophrenia Essay -- essays research papers

Schizophrenia Child schizophrenia, like other psychopathologies has many documented, and several uncertain causes. Some scientists have evidence that pregnant mothers have experienced an immune reaction that present dangers to the unborn child. Schizophrenia is a disorder where the body=s immune system attacks itself. Schizophrenia is not present at birth but develops during the adolescence period or young adulthood. ASchizophrenia is a biological brain disease affecting thinking, perception, mood, and behaviour. Its exact cause is unknown but overwhelming evidence points to faulty chemistry or structural abnormalities in the brain. In some cases schizophrenia is generic. Schizophrenia strikes one in 100 people at some point in his/her lifetime.@ (Compiled by Ontario Friends of Schizophrenia, Oct 94). Schizophrenia worsens and becomes better in cycles, also known as relapses and remission. People who are suffering from schizophrenia look relatively normal. Schizophrenics suffer from such symptoms as: delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders. Delusions are false beliefs that aren=t based on reality. Schizophrenics may believe that someone is following them, or planning to harm them. Schizophrenics believe that others can hear their thoughts , also known as Abroadcasting@ and even change them. A...hear their thoughts, insert thoughts into their minds, or control their feelings, actions or impulses. Patients might think they are Jesus, Napoleon, or Franklin D. Roosevelt.@ (American Psychiatric Association Annual >90 page 1) Pregnant women who experience an immune reaction that presents danger to their unborn children, this reaction raises sharply the rates of schizophrenia in the unborn child. Severe malnutrition in the early months of the fetal development may contribute to schizophrenia. It is also known that schizophrenia runs in families. AThe probablitilty of developing schizophrenia as the off spring of one parent with the disease is approximately 13%. The probability of developing schizophrenia as the off spring of both parents with the disease is approximately 35%.@ (Pamphlet by: American Psychiatric Association Annual >90 page 7) Hallucinations another symptom which schizophrenic patients suffer from. Hallucinations may be seen or heard. The most common hallucination are those heard by the schizophrenic. The schizophrenic may hear v... ...sorder.@ (Pamphlet by: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill June >90 page 1) Since the funding is increasingly being cut so is the research for schizophrenia, leaving many unanswered questions. As Child and Youth Workers we need to provide support to parents and childern with this illness, we ourselves need to have a better understanding of schizophrenia.m The most important message for us to convey is Ayou are not alone.@ References a. More than two authors Pamphlets: Compiled by Ontario Friends of Schizophrenics. (1994). The Facts, Schizophrenia: Compassion Through Understanding, Risk of Suicide b. More than two authors Pamphlet by: Natonal Alliance for the Mentally Ill. (1990). Schizophrenia c. One author Bower, B. (1996). New culprits cited for schizophrenia. Science News, vol. 149, 68. D. More than two authors Pamphlet by: American Psychiatric Association Annual. (1990). Schizophrenia, 1-10 e. More than two authors Pamphlet by:National Institute of Mental Heath Annual. (1990). You are not alone: Facts about mental health and mental illness, 1-9 f. One author Dauphinais, D. (1992). Pamphlet: Medicatons for the treatment of schizophrenia: questions and answers, 1-4

Iwo Jima Speech :: American History

Iwo Jima Speech DETAILED OUTLINE INTRODUCATION: 1. GAIN ATTENTION: (30sec PowerPoint Presentation) Good Morning Marines. My name is and your next period of instruction will be on the Island Iwo Jima 2. OVERVIEW: The purpose of this period of instruction is to give you a better understanding of the historical importance of Iwo Jima and the Flag raising that took place there. 3. INTRODUCE LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this period of instruction you will understand the historical importance of the island Iwo Jima and identify the names of the six Flag Raisers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this class you will be able 1. To fully understand the historical importance of the Island of Iwo Jima 2. You will be able to identify the names of the six Flag Raisers 4. METHOD/MEDIA: This period of instruction will be taught by the lecture method with the aid of PowerPoint Presentation and handouts 5. EVALUATION: You will not be tested on this material, so please hold your questions until the end. TRANSITION: Now that you are aware of the course syllabus, allow me to move into the historical importance of the island Iwo Jima. 6. BODY: 1. HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE: Iwo Jima was Japanese home soil only 650 miles from Tokyo. No foreign army in Japan's 5000 year history had fought on Japanese soil. To the US, Iwo Jima was important because of its location, midway between Japan and American bomber bases in the Marianas. Iwo Jima with its three airfields was an ideal location for fighter-escort stations and as a safe haven for damaged bombers. TRANSITION: There are six men that standout from the rest, these men are known as the Flag Raisers. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  THE FLAG RAISING: Mount Suribachi is a 550 foot volcanic cone at the island’s southern tip. It dominates both possible-landing beaches, from this point Japanese gunners have every inch of the beaches covered. Every marine on the island was in range of Japanese guns. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  THE FLAG RAISERS: There were six flag raisers from the 28th Regiment, 5th Division. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sgt. Mike Strank was the Marine who led the other five safely to the top of Mount Suribachi. He also gave the order to find a pole and attach the flag and â€Å"put’er up!† Sgt. Strank died on March 1, 1945. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cpl. Harlon Block was Sgt. Strank’s second in command. He took over the leadership of his unit when Sgt. Strank was killed. Cpl. Block also died on March 1, 1945.

INDIVIDUALS VS SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES Essay -- Essays Papers

INDIVIDUALS VS SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES The feudal society of the Middle Ages, from 300 AD – 1300AD, created instability that resulted in civil wars and the Crusades. This culture is what caused the changes and development of individuals and their society. Feudalism was a type of government in which political power was treated as a private possession and was divided between many lords during the Middle Ages. Only nobles were to rule until knights could build up lordships. 1 Empires were becoming too vast and too complicated. They began to split in half and then subdivide again without stopping for long centuries until 1300. This brought about a decline in public spirit. Causes of destruction multiplied with the level of conquest. Emperors became worried about their personal safety and the public peace. 2 Aristocrats took responsibility for defense against invaders. A family that fought for a certain area became hereditary rulers of that area. This seemed to be the best way for them to preserve their wealth, standard of living, and political position in an unstable world. Kings were losing control, as political power had become private, heritable property for counts and dukes. The weakening of the kings gave the aristocracy the opportunity to gain the service of most knights. The knights were nothing by themselves. They had no prestige, no political power, not even much military significance. They had to have a lord to function effectively and they had to serve the lord regularly and faithfully. Members of the aristocracy gave loyalty and services only when he felt it was to his advantage. 3 Civilization was completely engulfed by the inflow of barbarous elements from outside, partly by penetration, partly by... ...ld 300-1300. 2d ed. Toronto, Ontario: MacMillan Company, 1968. 3. See Hoyt 4. See Cantor 5. See Cantor 6. Contamine, Philippe. War in the Middle Ages. New York, New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1984. 7. "Medieval Crusades." The Crusades. 22 October 1999. http://www.Kent.pvt.k12.ct.us/Department/General_Studies/ contents.htm. 8. See Contamine 9. Peters, Edward. Europe: The World of the Middle Ages. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall INC, 1977. 10. See Contamine 11. See Cantor 12. See Cantor 13. See Contamine 14. See Peters 15. See Contamine 16. See Contamine 17. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades – A Short History. Great Britain: The Athlone Press Limited, 1987. 18. See Riley-Smith 19. See Riley-Smith 20. See Medieval Crusades 21. See Peters 22. See Peters

Mike and Marty Essay

How would you rate Mike and Marty on the Big Five personality traits? I think Mike and Marty are complete opposites from each other. On the personality traits I rate them for the same traits but opposite sides. For example both have neuroticism, but Marty is stable, calm but insecure when Mike is tense, anxious but secure. I would also rate them both for conscientiousness Marty being careful, disciplined and organized but Mike being the opposite, careless, impulsive and disorganized. For extraversion, I think Marty is quiet, sober and retiring when Mike is mike is definitely talkative, fun-loving and sociable. Even though they have the same traits, they are opposites from each other. Which of the two brothers seems more likely to be achieving self-actualization? Explain. I think Marty is the one that is more likely to achieve self-actualization. He seems to know his goals and is achieving one after another. He is very responsible and is going a secure path, full of achievements. He has a fulfilling career and a family, something most people are striving for. He will most likely feel like he has succeeded in life, which is an important step on the way to self-actualization. Mike on the other hand seems to live for the day, not being much concerned about tomorrow. He is very irresponsible with his actions, which one day will catch up with him. I think he is not going to be able to achieve self-actualization because he won’t feel like he has succeeded in life or that he has done everything right and well. Do Mike and Marty appear to have different levels of intelligence, or do they show intelligence in different ways? Please explain. I don’t think you can tell who is more intelligent here. Marty is definitely book-smarter than Mike, but Mike is social and has a different kind of intelligence. I am sure that Marty is more logical-mathematical intelligent than Mike, but Mike is more interpersonal intelligent than Marty. Marty shows his intelligence in his school past and his career and Mike is showing his intelligence in being a social person. I believe Mike has more friends than Marty because he is more outgoing and confident. Both are intelligent but in different ways, you can tell they are expressing their intelligence differently with their life choices.

Methods in Identifying Business Process Essay

Abstract This paper will discuss which information gathering methods can be used in analyzing requirements, identify which business process mapping methods should be used in analysis activities, discuss which business process mapping tools should be used in documenting analysis, indicate how the analyst would know if these methods and tools were effective in understanding the requirements, and explain how prototyping tools could be used to confirm these requirements. Assessment of Enterprise Level Business Systems Information gathering used in analyzing the requirements of a business are essential to ensure that the customer is getting the best possible product for their needs. It is important for the consulting team to know different methods of information gathering to obtain the best possible information they can as this will help to ensure a higher success rate for the overall implementation of the product. In today’s world, it is very easy for a customer to comparison shop the different products available to them. Browsing online and clicking a mouse is all it takes to move from one company to the next. The process starts when a customer starts narrowing down what they are looking for and begins to choose a few systems to have personally demonstrated to the company. Best practices would state that the consultant in charge of providing the demonstration of the software would do some homework on the company to find out what they do, start speaking with some of the stake holders to see what they expect from a new system (HR may not have the same requirements as IT, who may not have the same requirements as management or production). Meeting with a number of stakeholders within the different departments of a business will help the consultant narrow down the needs of the organization. This gives the consultant an edge and can help the consultant provide a customized demonstration of the software for the company. Digging deeper, the consultant should also have a team of experts on his or her side as well, someone that may be a subject matter expert, and a technical expert  will help as well. This is to ensure that input is taken from users and from IT and can be used to ensure the best possible user interface for those using the system and what resources are already in place vs. what is needed on the technical side. Every avenue available to the consultant should be examined to ensure the best system fit for the business. The business process mapping methods that should be used in analysis activities should be determined by what the business is doing. There are four main steps of process mapping that are needed. They are: * Process identification or attaining a comprehensive and well-rounded understanding of all the steps of a process. * Information gathering, or identifying objectives, risks and key controls in a process. * Interviewing and mapping or gaining the perspective of individuals in the process and designing actual maps to be used in the process. * Analysis or utilizing the tools and approaches used to make the process run in the most efficient and effective way possible. (Jacka, J. Mike) First, the process or processes used by the business must be identified so the consultant may gain a full understanding of what is to be expected in the new system. Without process identification, the project would be at a standstill. Gathering information around the processes helps identify what the objectives of a process might be, what risks might be involved within a process and what is needed to control the process from beginning to end. For example, if a company that makes fiberglass bathtubs were to put a process in place for the gel coating or painting procedure of a tub project, the process might show that the mold is to be positioned in the paint booth, dust and debris is to be removed from the mold using a wipe down cloth and air hose, the paint has to be a certain thickness, so one of the risks involved would be paint that is too thick or thin in spots. Finally we have the controls that maintain the process from beginning to end which may be manual or robotic. Other things could also come into play such as paint levels, catalyst and dry time, so it is important to obtain all information surrounding the process as possible. Interviewing individuals who currently run a process is important to ensuring that nothing is left out of the process. If it is possible, the consultant should interview a few different  people that perform the same function to obtain an objective look at the overall process and cover different ways of doing the same thing. From these interviews the process map could be created. Finally, we would analyze the process map and ensure that each step of the process is accounted for and is conducted in the efficient and effective way. The consultant may ask additional questions at this point to see if something within the current process is wasteful, and what may be done to improve on the process. Documenting the process of the analysis should be done meticulously as well. This can be done in a report fashion or in a flow chart fashion. Both have their merits, however, a flow chart can make a very complicated process seem very simple by breaking it down into steps and utilizing different shapes for these steps. A flowchart is a primary type of business process mapping the shapes or symbols used such as arrows, circles, diamonds, boxes, ovals or rectangles will mean something different for each step. Though a flowchart simplifies a process, it can detail the inputs, activities, decision points, and outputs of any process. An analyst could know that this type of documentation and mapping has shown its worth by the understanding and acceptance of those he has interviewed to understand the process in the first place. If the analyst allows the users to review the flowcharts and they understand each step of the process, then the documentation has done what was intended. Additionally, the users may be able to point out additional ways to make a process better at that time if they had not done so before. Prototyping tools allow the analyst to create a mockup of what the documented process may look like and how it may actually work in simulated real time. The prototype can show users what a version of the finished product may look like and how it will function. This is yet another failsafe built into the overall assessment process and may give the analyst another area to make process improvements based on the input of users, management and project stakeholders. The assessment of an enterprise level business system is lengthy and can be complicated if the right people are not included in the process. However, if the analyst follows time proven techniques to identify what is needed, gather information, document and map out the processes and use the analysis of the mapped out processes to create a good prototype, the analyst should be better able to create what is needed for the business. References Jacka, J. Mike & Paulette J. Keller (2011), Business Process Mapping: Improving Customer Satisfaction, Second Edition(6-10)

Mat 540

TQuantitative Methods – MAT 540 Student Course Guide Prerequisite: MAT 300 Quarter Meeting Days/Time Instructor Instructor Phone Instructor E-mail Instructor Office Hours/Location Academic Office Phone Number Strayer Technical Support INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL – Required ( including all mandatory software) 1-877-642-2999 Taylor, B. M. (2010). Introduction to management science (10th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. QM for Windows and Treeplan add-on for Excel. This software is available in the Open Lab at Strayer campuses, and can also be downloaded from the textbook's companion website. http://wps. prenhall. om/bp_taylor_introms_10/112/28870/7390751. cw/index. html Scientific Calculator INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL – Supporting The following resources provide additional background and supporting information for this course. There is no need to purchase these items for the course. Buglear, J. (2005) Quantitative methods for business: the A to Z. Oxfor d, U. K. : Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Anderson, D. R. , Sweeney, D. J. , Williams, T. A. , Camm, J. D. , Martin, R. K. (2010) Quantitative methods for business. (11th Ed. ) Mason, OH: South-western (Cengage). http://www. msubillings. edu/BusinessFaculty/Harris/LP_Problem_intro. tm Dilgard, L. A. (2009, Summer) Worst forecasting practices in corporate America and their solutions — case studies. Journal of Business Forecasting, 28 (2), 4 – 13. Retrieved from EBSCO-Host Business Premier database. Begley, S. (2004, April 23). Did You Hear the One About the Salesman Who Traveled Better? The Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. B. 1. Retrieved from ProQuest National Newspapers Expanded database. COURSE DESCRIPTION Applies quantitative methods to systems management (Decision Theory), and/or methods of decision-making with respect to sampling, organizing, and analyzing empirical data. MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 1 of 19 COURSE OUTCOMES Upon the successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the role of quantitative methods in business decision making. 2. Analyze decision-making problems electronically. 3. Create statistical analysis of simulation results. 4. Apply the most appropriate forecasting method for the properties of the available data. . 5. Solve linear programming problems. 6. Create sensitivity analysis on linear programming model parameters. 7. Apply linear programming models to project management applications. 8. Solve integer-programming problems. 9. Develop solutions for transshipment problems. 10. Use technology and information resources to research issues in Management Science 11. Communicate issues in Management Science. COURSE EXPECTATIONS To obtain the most benefit from this class: ? Follow Strayer University’s policies and procedures as well as those specific to this class. o Class specific information can be found within the â€Å"Class Information† section within the Student Center. WEEKLY COURSE SCHEDULE The weekly schedule below describes the learning activities that will help you achieve the course outcomes listed above and the assignments that will be used to measure your mastery of the outcomes. Each week is divided into sections consisting of readings, lectures, activities and assignments. For selected assignments, you will find a rubric that will be used to evaluate your performance. Each week is divided into sections consisting of activities including readings, lectures and discussions, quizzes, and assignments. WEEK 1 Course outcome in focus: ? Describe the role of quantitative methods in business decision making. ? Use technology and information resources to research and communicate issues in Management Science. Supporting topics: ? Management science approach to problem solving MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 2 of 19 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Model building: break-even analysis Computer solution Management science modeling techniques Business usage of management science techniques Management science models in decision support systems Types of probability Fundamentals of probability Statistical independence and dependence Expected value The normal distribution Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 1, Management Science ? Chapter 11, Probability and Statistics ? Review Syllabus Parts I & II Assignments: ? Complete Week 1 Quiz Course Lectures: ? ? ? ? Lecture/discussion on faculty introduction, course overview ,and expectations Activity – Student introductions Lecture/discussion on: Overview of Management science; statistics and probability e-Activity – Probability in your profession ? Do you use probability in your profession? More than likely you do. For example, in the heath field you could say that 1 in 4 women give birth by c-section (Parenting, May 2005). This means that the probability of giving birth by c-section is 1/4 = 0. 25 = 25%. Similar probabilities could be found in other professions. Using your favorite search engine, find an example of probability being used in your chosen profession. Explain the example and be sure to cite the source of the information clearly. Assignment: Quiz 1 Please take the quiz in the course shell for Week 1 that covers the material in Chapters 1 and 11. This is an open book, timed quiz that can only be taken once with a time limit of MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 3 of 19 one hour. The quiz consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem questions for a total of twenty questions, ten from each chapter. Each question is worth 2 points. WEEK 2 Course outcome in focus: ? Analyze decision-making problems electronically. Supporting topics: ? Components of decision making ? Decision making without probabilities ? Decision making with probabilities ? Decision analysis with additional information Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 12, Decision Analysis Assignments: ? Complete Week 2 Quiz Course Lectures: ? ? Lecture/discussion on components of decision making through decision trees. Activity – Decision Tree o Explain the parts of a decision tree. o What are some benefits of using decision trees? o In what ways can decision trees be used for business decisions? Name some real-world examples. Lecture/discussion on decision making without probabilities; decision making with probabilities. Activity – Probability and Decisions o How does the science of probability affect decisions? Why? ? ? Assignment: Quiz 2 Please take the quiz in the course shell for Week 2 that covers the material in Chapters 11 and 12. This is an open book, timed quiz that can only be taken once with a time limit of one hour. The quiz consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem questions for a total of twenty questions. Each question is worth 2 points. MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 4 of 19 WEEK 3 Course outcome in focus: ? Create statistical analysis of simulation results. ? Use technology and information resources to research issues in Management Science. Supporting topics: ? The Monte Carlo process ? Computer simulation with excel spreadsheets ? Simulation of a queuing system ? Continuous probability distributions ? Statistical analysis of simulation results ? Verification of the simulation model ? Areas of simulation application Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 14, Simulation ? Assignments: ? Complete Week 3 Case Assignment Course Lectures: ? ? Lecture/discussion on The Monte Carlo process; computer simulation with excel spreadsheets Activity – Pseudorandom numbers o Why do we use pseudorandom numbers in simulations? o How do pseudorandom numbers affect the accuracy of a simulation? Lecture/discussion on statistical analysis of simulation results; verification of the simulation model Activity – Simulation o Question for discussion: What is the role of statistical analysis in simulation? ? Assignment: Assignment #1: JET Copies Case Problem Read the â€Å"JET Copies† Case Problem on pages 678-679 of the text. Using simulation estimate the loss of revenue due to copier breakdown for one year, as follows: 1. In Excel, use a suitable method for generating the number of days needed to repair the copier, when it is out of service, according to the discrete d istribution shown. 2. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the interval between successive MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 5 of 19 3. 4. 5. 6. breakdowns, according to the continuous distribution shown. In Excel, use a suitable method for simulating the lost revenue for each day the copier is out of service. Put all of this together to simulate the lost revenue due to copier breakdowns over 1 year to answer the question asked in the case study. In a word processing program, write a brief description/explanation of how you implemented each component of the model. Write 1-2 paragraphs for each component of the model (days-to-repair; interval between breakdowns; lost revenue; putting it together). Answer the question posed in the case study. How confident are you that this answer is a good one? What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph. There are two deliverables for this Case Problem, the Excel spreadsheet and the written description/explanation. Please submit both of them electronically via the dropbox. The assignment will be graded using the associated rubric. Outcome Assessed: Create statistical analysis of simulation results. Communicate issues in management science Grading Rubric for JET Copies Case Problem There are 12 possible points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible. Unacceptable (0 points) Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner 1 Developing (6 points) This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model This component was modeled, but the method and/or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model This component was modeled, but the method and/ or implementation had mistakes that affected the validity of the model Provided partially developed written description that matches the method 70 – 79% accuracy. Competent (9 points) Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes 3 Exemplary (12 points) Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it ? ? Criteria 1. Model number of days to repair 2. Model number of weeks between breakdowns Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it 3. Model lost revenue due to breakdowns Did not submit or did not model this component in an appropriate manner Used a method that is recognizably appropriate, but the implementation had minor mistakes Used an appropriate method and correctly implemented it 4. Provide written description and explanation of the simulation Did not submit or described insufficiently. Omitted key points. Provided sufficiently developed written description that matches the method 80 – 89% accuracy. Provided sufficiently correct 5. Combine model components to Did not submit or result not provided, Provided partially correct result. Provided fully developed written description that is correct and matches the method used with 90 – 100% accuracy. Provided fully correct result. MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 6 of 19 Criteria produce a coherent answer to the question posed in the case study. (a) Answer the question posed in the case study. (b) How confident are you that this answer is a good one? (c) What are the limits of the study? 0 Unacceptable (0 points) and/or discussed insufficiently. 1 Developing (6 points) Omitted discussion of confidence. Discussed limitations partially with 70 – 79% accuracy, logic, and clarity. 2 Competent (9 points) result. Identified confidence and discussed limitations sufficiently with 80 – 89% accuracy, accuracy, logic, and clarity. Exemplary (12 points) Identified confidence and discussed limitations fully with 90 – 100% accuracy, logic, and clarity. WEEK 4 Course outcome in focus: ? Apply the most appropriate forecasting method for the properties of the available data ? Use technology and information resources to research and communicate issues in Management Science. Supporting top ics: ? Forecasting components ? Time series methods ? Forecast accuracy ? Time series forecasting ? Regression methods Weekly Activities: Reading: Chapter 15, Forecasting Assignments: ? Complete Internet Field Trip Course Lectures: ? Lecture/discussion on Forecasting components; time series methods There are many ways to forecast the future. In numerous firms (especially smaller ones), the entire process is subjective, involving intuition, and years of experience. There are also many quantitative forecasting models, such as moving averages, exponential smoothing, trend projections, and least squares regression analysis. Regardless of the method that is used to make the forecast, the same eight overall procedures that follow are used. Eight Steps to Forecasting MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 7 of 19 . Determine the use of the forecast what objective are we trying to obtain? 2. Select the items or quantities that are to be forecasted. 3. Determine the time horizon of the forecast is it 1 to 30 days (short term), 1 month to 1 year (medium term), or more than 1 year (long term)? 4. Select the forecasting model or models. 5. Gather the data needed to make the forecast. 6. Validate the forecasting model. 7. Make the forecast. 8. Implement the results. These steps present a systematic way of initiating, designing, and implementing a fore-casting system. When the forecasting system is to be used to generate forecasts regularly over time, data must be collected routinely, and the actual computations or procedures used to make the forecast can be done automatically. When a computer system is used, computer forecasting files and programs are needed. There is seldom a single superior forecasting method. One organization may find regression effective, another firm may use several approaches, and a third may combine both quantitative and subjective techniques. Whatever tool works best for a firm is the one that should be used. Activity – Rationale of Forecasting o o ? ? Choose one of the forecasting methods and explain the rationale behind using it in real-life. Describe how a domestic fast food chain with plans for expanding into China would be able to use a forecasting model. Lecture/discussion on Forecast accuracy; time series forecasting; regression methods Activity – Forecasting Methods Question for discussion: o What is the difference between a causal model and a time- series model? Give an example of when each would be used. o What are some of the problems and drawbacks of the moving average forecasting model? How do you determine how many observations to average in a moving average model? How do you determine the weightings to use in a weighted moving average model? Assignment: Assignment #2: Internet Field Trip 1. Research: Research at least six (6) information sources on forecasting methods; take MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 8 of 19 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. notes and record and interpret significant facts, meaningful graphics, accurate sounds and evaluated alternative points of view. Preparation: Produce as storyboard with thumbnails of at least ten (10) slides. Include the following elements: o Title of slide, text, background color, placement & size of graphic, fonts – color, size, type for text and headings o Hyperlinks (list URLs of any site linked from the slide), narration text, and audio files (if any) o Number on slides clear o Logical sequence to the presentation Content: Provide written content with the following elements: o introduction that presents the overall topic (clear sense of the project’s main idea) and draws the audience into the presentation with compelling questions or by relating to the audience's interests or goals. accurate, current o clear, concise, and shows logical progression of ideas and supporting information o motivating questions and advanced organizers o rawn mainly from primary sources Text Elements: Slides should have the following characteristics: o fonts are easy-to-read; point size that varies appropriately for headings and text o italics, bold, and indentations enhance readability o back ground and colors enhance the readability of text o appropriate in length for the target audience; to the point Layout: The layout should have the following characteristics: o visually pleasing o contributes to the overall message o appropriate use of headings, subheadings and white space Media: The graphics, sound, and/or animation should o assist in presenting an overall theme and enhance understanding of concept, ideas and relationships o have original images that are created using proper size and resolution; enhance the content o have a consistent visual theme. Citations: The sources of information should: o properly cited so that the audience can determine the credibility and authority of the information presented o be properly formatted according to APA style The assignment will be graded using the associated rubric. Grading Rubric for Assignment # 2 Internet Field Trip There are 8 possible points for each of the 5 criteria, so that the total number of points is 40 points. Cri teria 1. ) Research: Showed research of at least six (6) information sources; 0 Unacceptable (0 points) Did not submit or note cards showed insufficiently completed research 1 Developing (4 points) Note cards showed partially completed research from at least three (3) information 2 Competent (6 points) Note cards showed sufficiently completed research from at least four (4) or five (5) 3 Exemplary (8 points) Note cards showed fully completed research from at least six (6) information MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 9 of 19 Criteria take notes and record and interpret significant facts, meaningful graphics, accurate sounds and evaluated alternative points of view. ) Preparation: Produced storyboard with thumbnails of 10 slides with these elements: (1) Title of slide, text, background color, placement & size of graphic, fonts – color (2) size, type for text and headings (3) Hyperlinks (list URLs of any site linked from the slide), narration text, and audio f iles (if any) (4) Number on slides clear (5) Logical sequence to the presentation 2. Content: Provided content with (1) attention-getting introduction, (2) content that is accurate and current (3) clear, concise, and shows logical progression of ideas, (4) supporting information motivating questions and advanced organizers, (5) taken from primary sources 3. Text Elements: (1) fonts are easy-toread; (2) point size that varies appropriately for headings, and text (3) italics, bold, and indentations enhance readability, (4) background and colors enhance the readability of text, (5) appropriate in length for the target audience; (6) to the point (7) Applied correct spelling, punctuation, grammar, and (8) APA style. 4. Layout: The layout 0 Unacceptable (0 points) from two (2) or fewer information sources. Insufficiently recorded and interpreted facts, graphics, sounds, or did not evaluate alternate points of view. Did not submit or produced insufficiently developed storyboard with thumbnails of one (1) to five (5) slides with one (1) to Two (2) required elements. Fulfilled with less than 70% accuracy, quality, and thoroughness. Developing (4 points) sources; recorded and interpreted some acceptable facts, some appropriate graphics, sounds and sufficiently evaluated alternative points of view. Produced partially developed storyboard with thum bnails of at least six (6) or seven (7) slides with three (3) of the (5) required elements. Fulfilled with 70 – 79% accuracy, quality, and thoroughness. 2 Competent (6 points) information sources; recorded and interpreted acceptable facts, appropriate graphics, accurate sounds, and sufficiently evaluated alternative points of view. Produced sufficiently developed storyboard with thumbnails of at least eight (8) slides with four (4) of the (5) required elements. Fulfilled with 80 – 89% accuracy, quality, and thoroughness. Exemplary (8 points) sources; recorded and interpreted significant facts, meaningful graphics, accurate sounds, and fully evaluated alternative points of view. Prepared fully developed storyboard with thumbnails of at least 10 slides with all five (5) required elements. Fulfilled with 90 – 100% accuracy, quality, and thoroughness. Did not submit or provided insufficiently developed introduction and content with two (2) or fewer of required eleme nts included. Addressed with less than 70% accuracy, motivation, logic, support, and research. Provided partially developed introduction and content with three (5) of five (5) required elements included. Addressed with 7079% accuracy, motivation, logic, support, and research. Provided sufficiently developed introduction and content with four (4) of five (5) required elements included. Addressed with 8089% accuracy, motivation, logic, support, and research. Provided excellent and fully developed introduction and content with all five (5) required elements included. Addressed with 90-100% accuracy, motivation, logic, support, and research. Did not submit or did not demonstrate acceptable use of the text elements. Issues with text elements prevented effective communication of message. Had 8 + errors in spelling, punctuation, grammar, and APA style. Demonstrated acceptable use of 4 – 5 text elements. Text elements provided some helpful support to the communication of the message. Had 6 – 7 errors in spelling, punctuation, grammar, and APA style. Fulfilled with 70 – 79% quality and accuracy. Demonstrated sufficient use of 6 – 7 of the text elements. Text elements provided sufficient support to the communication of the message. Had no 3 – 5 errors in spelling, punctuation, grammar, and APA style. Fulfilled with 80 – 89% quality and accuracy. Demonstrated excellent use of all 8 text elements. Text elements provided outstanding support to the communication of the message. Had 0 2 errors in spelling, punctuation, grammar, and APA style. Fulfilled with 90 – 100% quality and accuracy. Did not submit or the The layout of the The layout of the The layout of the MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 10 of 19 Criteria of the message demonstrated these characteristics: (1) visually pleasing;(2) contributed to the overall message; had (3) appropriate headings, (4) subheadings, (5) and white space 0 Unacceptable (0 points) layout of the message was not acceptable and did not support communication of the message sufficiently. Layout did not include enough of the five (5) of the layout characteristics. 1 Developing (4 points) message was acceptable and supported communication of it to some extent. Layout included three (3) of the five (5) of the layout characteristics. Fulfilled with 70 – 79% quality and accuracy. Provided media that were acceptable and met only one (1) of the three (3) characteristics. Fulfilled with 70 – 79% quality and accuracy. 2 Competent (6 points) message was good and supported communication of it sufficiently. Layout included four (4) of the five (5) of the layout characteristics. Fulfilled with 80 – 89% quality and accuracy. 3 Exemplary (8 points) message was excellent and supported communication of it very well. Layout included all five (5) of the layout characteristics. Fulfilled with 90 – 100% quality and accuracy. Provided media that were excellent and met all three (3) of the characteristics. Fulfilled with 90 – 100% quality and accuracy. 5. Media: The media should include these characteristics: (1) graphics, sound, and/or animation that assist in presenting an overall theme and enhance understanding of concept, ideas and relationships; (2) have original images; graphics are created using proper size and resolution; enhance the content; (3) have a consistent visual theme. Did not submit or the media used were unacceptable and did not meet the requirements. Provided media that were sufficient and met two (2) of the three (3) characteristics. Fulfilled with 80 – 89% quality and accuracy. WEEK 5 Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Midterm exam will cover contents from chapters 1, 11, 12, 14 and 15 Assignments: ? Complete Midterm Examination Assignment: Midterm Exam Students are to take the Midterm that covers the material in Chapters 1, 11, 12, 14 and 15. The Midterm is located in the course shell under the Week 5 tab. This is an open book, timed exam that can only be taken once with a time limit of four hours. The exam consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem questions for a total of 40 questions. Each question is worth 5 points. MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 11 of 19 WEEK 6 Course outcome in focus: ? Solve linear programming problems. Supporting topics: ? Model formulation ? Maximization model ? Graphical solutions of linear programming models ? A minimization model ? Irregular types of linear programming models ? Characteristics of linear programming problems Weekly Activities: Reading: Chapter 2, Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution Assignments: ? Complete Week 6 Quiz Course Lectures: ? ? Lecture/discussion on Model formulation; maximization model Activity –Linear programming Model o What are some business uses of a linear programming model? Provide an example. Lecture/discussion on irregular types of linear programming models; characteristics of linear programming problems Activity – Characteristics of linear programming o In the graphical method, how do you know when a problem is infeasible, unbounded, or when it has multiple optimal solutions? o What are the essential ingredients of an LP model? Why is it helpful to understand the characteristics of LP models? Lecture/discussion on Minimization model Activity – Minimization model o Distinguish between a minimization and maximization LP model. How do you know which of these to use for any given problem? ? ? ? ? Assignment: Quiz 3 Please take the quiz in the course shell for Week 6 that covers the material in Chapter 2. This is an open book, timed quiz that can only be taken once with a time limit of one hour. The quiz consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 12 of 19 questions for a total of twenty questions. Each question is worth 2 points. WEEK 7 Course outcome in focus: ? Create sensitivity analysis on linear programming model parameters. ? Use technology and information resources to research issues in Management Science. Supporting topics: ? Computer solution of linear programming problems ? Sensitivity analysis Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 3, Linear Programming: Computer Solution and Sensitivity Analysis Assignments: ? Complete Week 7 Case assignment Course Lectures: ? Lecture/discussion on Computer solution of linear programming problems Sensitivity analysis investigates how our decision might change given a change in the problem data. Sensitivity analysis is a vital part of all spreadsheet modeling. In optimization modeling, some of the most valuable insights come not from the optimal solution itself, but from a sensitivity analysis around the optimal solution. As we will see, the special structure of linear programs gives rise to certain characteristic results. Compared to the Solver Sensitivity output, the Sensitivity Report is more precise but less flexible. The Sensitivity Report is more precise than Solver Sensitivity with respect to the question of where the decision variables change or where a shadow price changes. ? Activity – Discussion on shadow price o What does the shadow price reflect in a maximization problem? Please explain o How do the graphical and computer-based methods of solving LP problems differ? In what ways are they the same? Under what circumstances would you prefer to use the graphical approach? Lecture/discussion on Sensitivity analysis Activity – Discussion on sensitivity analysis o How does sensitivity analysis affect the decision making process? How could it be used by managers? ? ? Assignment: MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 13 of 19 Assignment #3: Case Problem â€Å"Julia’s Food Booth† Complete the â€Å"Julia’s Food Booth† case problem on page 109 of the text. Address each of the issues A- D according the instructions given. o (A) Formulate and solve an L. P. model for this case. (B) Evaluate the prospect of borrowing money before the first game. o (C) Evaluate the prospect of paying a friend $100/game to assist. o (D) Analyze the impact of uncertainties on the model. The assignment will be graded using the associate d rubric. Outcome Assessed: ? Create sensitivity analysis on linear programming model parameters ? Communicate issues in Management Science Grading Rubric for Assignment – Assignment #4 Case Problem There are 12 points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible Criteria 0 Unacceptable (0 points) Did not submit or LP model is not sufficiently attempted and does not demonstrate a. recognizable attempt to model this case. Did not submit or did not solve the linear programming model accurately. Did not submit or did not evaluate accurately. 1 Developing (6 points) LP model is partially correct, but has errors in the objective function or constraints. Described with 70 – 79% accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Solved the linear programming model with 70 – 79% accuracy. Evaluated and explained with 70 – 79% accuracy. 2 Competent (9 points) LP model has objective function and most constraints correctly specified. Described with 80 – 89% accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Solved the linear programming model with 80 – 89% accuracy. Evaluated and explained with 80 – 89% accuracy. Exemplary (12 points) LP model has objective function and all constraints fully and correctly specified. Described with 90 – 100% accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Solved the linear programming model with 90 – 100% accuracy. Evaluated and explained with 90 – 100% a ccuracy. 1. Formulate an LP model for this case. (Part A). 2. Solve the linear programming model formulated in Criterion 1 (Part A) 3. Evaluate the prospect of borrowing money before the first game. (Part B). 4. Evaluate the prospect of paying a friend $100/game to assist. (Part C) 5. Analyze the impact of uncertainties in the model. (Part D) Did not submit or did not evaluate accurately. Did not submit or did not analyze accurately. Evaluated and explained with 70 – 79% accuracy. Analyzed the impact with 70 – 79% accuracy, logic, and completeness. Evaluated and explained with 80 – 89% accuracy. Analyzed the impact with 80 – 89% accuracy, logic, and completeness. Evaluated and explained with 90 – 100% accuracy. Analyzed the impact with 90 – 100% accuracy, logic, and completeness. WEEK 8 Course outcome in focus: ? Apply linear programming models to project management applications. Supporting topics: ? Product mix ? Diet ? Investment MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 14 of 19 ? Marketing ? Transportation ? Blend ? Multiperiod scheduling ? Data envelopment analysis Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 4, Linear Programming: Modeling Examples Assignments: ? Complete Week 8 Quiz Course Lectures: ? Lecture/discussion on how linear programming is used to solve various types of models. The types of examples are product mix examples, diet examples, investment examples, marketing examples, transportation examples, blend examples, multiperiod scheduling examples, and data envelopment analysis examples. Activity –Discussion on objective function o What is the relationship between decision variables and the objective function? o What is the difference between an objective function and a constraint? Lecture/discussion on how we follow the same procedure: identify the decision variables, determine the objective function, and develop the model constraints. Activity – Discussion on applications of linear programming o Does the linear programming approach apply the same way in different applications? Explain why or why not using examples. ? ? ? Assignment: Quiz 4 Students are to take the quiz in the course shell for Week 8 that covers the material in Chapter 4. This is an open book, timed quiz that can only be taken once with a time limit of one hour. The quiz consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem questions for a total of twenty questions. Each question is worth 2 points. WEEK 9 Course outcome in focus: ? Solve integer programming problems. Supporting topics: ? Integer programming (ip) models ? Integer programming graphical solution MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 15 of 19 ? Computer solution of integer programming problems Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 5, Integer Programming. Assignments: ? Complete Week 9 Quiz Course Lectures: ? Lecture/discussion on the three basic types of integer linear programming models. In a total integer model, all of the decision variables are required to have integer solution values. In a zero-one integer model, all the decision variables must have values of zero or one. In a mixed integer model, some, but not all, of the decision variables are required to have integer solutions. Activity – Discussion on the difference between integer and linear programming o Explain how the applications of Integer programming differ from those of linear programming. o Why is â€Å"rounding-down† an LP solution a suboptimal way to solve Integer programming problems? ? Lecture/discussion on how to solve these different models, certain constraints must be specified as part of the model. For a total integer model, all decision variables must be designated as integer. For a zero-one integer model, the decision variables must be designated as integers, with the only possible values being zero and one. Finally, for a mixed integer model, only those decision variables that must be integers are designated as integer values. The other decision variables can be designated as real, or non-integer, values. ? Activity – discussion on characteristics of integer programming problems o Explain the characteristics of integer programming problems. o Give specific instances in which you would use an integer programming model rather than an LP model. Provide real-world examples. Assignment: Quiz 5 Students are to take the quiz in the course shell for Week 9 that covers the material in Chapter 9. This is an open book, timed quiz that can only be taken once with a time limit of one hour. The quiz consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem questions for a total of twenty questions. Each question is worth 2 points. Online students are to complete the quiz by Sunday Midnight of Week 9. On-campus students are to complete this quiz before the Week 10 class meeting. WEEK 10 MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 16 of 19 ? Course outcome in focus: ? Develop solutions for transshipment problems. ? Use technology and information resources to research issues in Management Science. Supporting topics: ? The transportation model ? Computer solution of a transportation problem ? The transshipment model ? Computer solution of a transshipment problem ? The assignment model Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Chapter 6, Transportation, Transshipment, and Assignment Problems Assignments: ? Complete Week 10 Case Assignment Course Lectures: ? Lecture/discussion on transshipment models being an extension of the transportation model where intermediate points, known as transshipment points, are added between sources and destinations. Activity – Discussion on transshipment problems o Can we apply transshipment models to inventory applications? Why or why not? o Is the transportation model an example of decision making under certainty or decision making under uncertainty? Why? Lecture/discussion on assignment problem being a special form of a linear programming model in which all supply and demand values equal one. Activity – Discussion on transportation problems o o Assignment: Assignment #4: Case Problem â€Å"Stateline Shipping and Transport Company† Read the â€Å"Stateline Shipping and Transport Company† Case Problem on pages 273-274 of the text. Analyze this case, as follows: 1. In Excel, or other suitable program, develop a model for shipping the waste directly from the 6 plants to the 3 waste disposal sites. MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 17 of 19 Explain the assignment model and how it facilitates in solving transportation problems. What benefits would be gained from using this model? ? ? ? 2. Solve the model you developed in #1 (above) and clearly describe the results. 3. In Excel, or other suitable program, Develop a transshipment model in which each of the plants and disposal sites can be used as intermediate points. 4. Solve the model you developed in #3 (above) and clearly describe the results. 5. Interpret the results and draw conclusions that address the question posed in the case problem. What are the limits of the study? Write at least one paragraph. There are two deliverables for this Case Problem, the Excel spreadsheets and an accompanying written description/explanation. Please submit both of them electronically via the dropbox. The assignment will be graded using the associated rubric. Outcome Assessed: ? Develop solutions for transshipment problems. Communicate issues in Management Science Grading Rubric for Stateline Shipping & Transport Case Problem There are 12 points in each of the five criteria for a total of 60 points possible 0 Unacceptable (0 points) Did not submit or the objective function and/or constraints are specified with le ss than 70% accuracy. Criteria 1 Developing (6 points) The objective function and constraints are specified and described with 70 – 79% accuracy. The model is solved, but its validity is questionable or it is incorrectly described. The objective function and constraints are specified and described with 70 – 79% accuracy. The model is solved, but its validity is questionable or it is incorrectly described. There are errors in interpreting the results; or inappropriate conclusions are drawn; or this is not clearly communicated. 2 Competent (9 points) The objective function and most or all constraints are specified correctly and adequately described. The model is solved and the results are mostly valid and mostly correctly described. The objective function and most or all constraints are specified correctly and adequately described. The model is solved and the results are mostly valid and mostly correctly described. Results are interpreted in a mostly correct manner; conclusions drawn are mostly appropriate; and communicated in a mostly clear manner. 3 Exemplary (12 points) The objective function and all constraints are specified correctly in the model and clearly described The model is solved and the results are valid and correctly described. The objective function and all constraints are specified correctly in the model and clearly described The model is solved and the results are valid and correctly described. Results are correctly interpreted; appropriate conclusions are drawn and communicated clearly. 1. Develop a transportation model for shipping from the 6 plants directly to the 3 disposal sites. Describe and implement the model. 2. Solve the model given in 1 and describe the results. Did not solve the model or adequately describe the results. 3. Develop a transshipment model in which each of the plants and disposal sites can be used as intermediate points. 4. Solve the model given in 3 and describe the results. Did not submit or the objective function and/or constraints are specified with less than 70% accuracy. Did not solve the model or adequately describe the results. 5. Interpret the models and draw conclusions Did not complete the assignment or interpretation and/or conclusions drawn are invalid and/or not intelligibly communicated. WEEK 11 Weekly Activities: Reading: ? Final exam will cover contents from chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14 and 15 MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 18 of 19 Assignments: ? Complete Final Examination Assignment: Final Exam Students are to take the Final Exam that covers the material in Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14 and 15. The Final exam is located in the course shell under the Week 11 tab. This is an open book, timed exam that can only be taken once with a time limit of four hours. The exam consists of a combination of true/false, multiple choice, and problem questions for a total of 40 questions. Each question is worth 5 points. ASSIGNMENT OUTLINE AND GRADING Assignment Type Discussions = 9 x 20 points = 180 points 18% Case Assignments = 3 x 60 = 180 points 18% Quizzes = 5 x 40 = 200 points 20% Midterm Exam = 1 x 200 = 200 points 20% Internet Field Trip = 1 x 40 = 40 points 4% Final Exam = 1 x 200 = 200 points 20% Value Grading Scale 90-100 80-89 70-79 Below 70 A B C F MAT540 Student Version 1122 (11-29-2011) Final Page 19 of 19